Physiology and methodology of intermittent resistance training for acyclic sports

Authors

  • Adrián Casas National University of La Plata, Argentina

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2008.31.03

Keywords:

Training, Intermittent, Resistance, Sports, Acyclic

Abstract

Resistance training for acyclic sports has traditionally been carried out using training methods developed for cyclic sports. These methods were developed from the study of the physiological bases of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), prioritising “central” cardiovascular factors (cardiac) above “peripheral” factors (muscular) and omitting in-depth analysis of muscular behaviour during acyclic resistance. This article intends to: a) analyse certain physiological aspects needed to understand intermittent resistance exercise, b) define what intermittent resistance effort is, what its unique features are and how it differs from interval exercise, and c) develop a specific proposal for designing intermittent resistance training loads for acyclic sports.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Andersen P & Saltin B. (1985). Maximal perfusion of skeletal muscle in man. J. Physiol. 366: 233-249. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1985.sp015794

Andersen P, Adams R, Sjogaard G, Thorboe A & Saltin B. (1985a). Dynamic knee extension as a model for the study of an isolated exercising muscle in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 59, 1647-1653.

Antivero E. (2006). Análisis de la distancia recorrida y tasa del esfuerzo en deportes de conjunto. En: Curso a distancia de entrenamiento físico en deportes de conjunto. www.sobreentrenamiento.com

Astrand I, Astrand Po, Christensen H & Hedman, R. (1960a). Intermittent muscular work. Acta Physiol. Scand. 48: 443. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1960.tb01879.x

Astrand I, Astrand Po, Christensen H & Hedman, R. (1960b). Myohemoglobin as an Oxygen-stored in Man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 48: 454. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1960.tb01880.x

Astrand PO. (1992). Endurance in Sport. In Endurance in Sport, Shephard R y Astrand PO(eds). Ed. Blackwell scientific publication. Oxford 8-15.

Bangsbo J. (1994). The physiology of soccer-with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiol. Scand. 151(610) 1-157.

Bangsbo J & Lindquist F. (1992). Comparison of various exercise tests with endurance during soccer in professional players. Int. Jou. Sport Med. 13:125-132. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1021243

Bangsbo J, Krustrup P, González-Alonso J, Boushel R & Saltin B. (2000). Muscle oxygen kinetics at onset of intense dynamic exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 279: 899-906.

Bansgbo J. (2000a). Physiology of intermittent exercise. Chapter 5, pp 53-65. En: Exercise and Sport Science. Garrett W y Kirkendall D(editors). Lippincott Williams&Wilkins. barstow T, et al. (1994). In: SCHEUERMANN B Y BARSTOW T. O2 uptake kinetics during exercise at peak O2 uptake. (2003) J. Appl. Physiol. 95: 2014-2022.

Bell C. 2001. In: Paterson N, Kowalchuk J & Paterson D. (2005). Kinetics of VO2 and femoral artery blood flow during heavy intensity, knee extension exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 683-690.

Billat V. (2002). Fisiología y Metodología del entrenamiento: de la teoría a la práctica. ED. Paidotribo.

Billat V, Slawinski J, Bocquet V, Chassaing P, Demarie A & Koralsztein J. (2001). Very short (15 s-15s) interval training around the critical velocity allows middle-age runners to maintain VO2max for 14 minutes. Int. J. Sports Med. 22:201-208. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-16389

Billat V, Slawinski J, Bocquet V, Demarie A, Laffite L, Chassaing P & Koralsztein J. (2000). Intermittent runs at the velocity associated with maximal oxygen uptake enables subjects to remain al maximal oxygen uptake for a longer time than intense but submaximal runs. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 188-196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050029

Bisciotti G. (2004). L´incidenza fisiologica dei parametri di durata, intensitá e recupero nellámbito dellállenamento intermittente. SDS, 60 -61: 90-96.

Bishop D, Edge J, Davis C, Dawson B & Goodman C. (2002). The importance of buffer capacity for repetead sprint ability. Australian Conference of Science and Medicien in Sports. Melbourne, Victoria. Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science (1):101.

Bosco C. (2000). La fuerza muscular: aspectos metodológicos. ED. INDE.

Brooks G, Fahey T & Baldwin K. (2005). Exercise Physiology: Human bioenergetics and its applications. Pp 109. 4ºed. McGraw Hill.

Burgomaster K, Hughes S, Heigenhauser G, Bradwell S & Gibala M. (2005). Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans. J. Appl. Physiol.98: 1985-1990. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01095.2004

Burgomaster K, Heigenhauser G & Gibala M. (2006). Effect of short-term sprint interval training on human skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism during exercise and time-trial performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 100:2041-2047. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01220.2005

Colli R, Introini E & Bosco C. (1997). L’allenamento intermittente: istruzioni per l’usso. Coaching and Sport Science Journal. 1: 29-34.

Carling C, Williams, Reilly, T. (2005). Handbook of soccer match analysis. A systematic approach to improving performance. Routledge, Abingdom, UK. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203448625

Casas, A. (2005). In: Entrenamiento Personal. Coord. Alfonso Jiménez Gutiérrez. Cap. 9, pág. 227. Ed. INDE.

Cerretelli P, Rennie DW & Pendergast DR. (1980). Kinetics of metabolic transients during exercise. In: Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange, P. Cerretelli, and B. J. Whipp (1980) (Eds.). Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 187-209. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1034655

Christensen E, Hedman R & Saltin B. (1960). Intermittent and continuous running. Acta Physiol. Scand. 50: 269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-1716.1960.tb00181.x

Colli R, Introini E, Bosco C. (1997). L’allenamento intermittente: istruzioni per l’usso. Coaching & Sport Science Journal. 1: 29-34. 1997.

Daniels J & Scardina N. (1984). Intervall Training and performance. Sports Med.1: 327-334. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198401040-00006

Daniels J. (1998). Daniels’running formula. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Essén B, Hagenfeldt L & Kaijser L. (1977). Utilization of blood-borne and intramuscular substrates during continuous and intermittent exercise in man. J. Physiol. 265: 489-506. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011726

Essén B. (1978). Studies on the regulation of metabolism in human skeletal muscle using intermittent exercise us an experimental model. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 454:1-32.

Gardiner P. (2001). Neuromuscular Aspects of Physical Activity. ED. Human Kinetics.

Grassi BD, et al. (1996). Muscle O2 uptake kinetics in humans: implications for metabolic control. J. Appl. Physiol. 80:988—998.

Grassi B, Gladden B, Samaja M, Stary C & Hogan M. (1998a). Faster adjustment of O2 delivery does not affect VO2 on kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 85: 1394-1403.

Grassi B, Gladden B, Stary C, Wagner P & Hogan M. (1998b). Peripheral O2 diffusion does not affect VO2 on-kinetics in isolated in situ canine muscle. J. Appl. Physiol. 85: 1404-1412.

Grosser M. (1992). Entrenamiento de la Velocidad: fundamentos, métodos y programas. ED. Martínez Roca. Pág.146 a 149.

Hollmann W & Venrath H. (1963). In: Fisiología del trabajo físico. Astrand y Rodahl. (1985) 2º edición. ED. Médica Panamericana.

Hughson RL, et al. (1996). Dependence of muscle VO2 on blood flow dynamics at the onset of forearm exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 81:1619-1626.

Hughson Y, et al. (1997). In: TSCHAKOVSKY M and HUGHSON R. (1999). Interacción of factors determining oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 86 (4): 1101-1113.

Impellizeri F, Arcelli E & Latorre A. (2001). L´allenamento intermittente. Profilo metabolico ed adattamenti indotti. Atletica studi. 2: 7-15.

Krustrup P & Bansgbo J. (2001). Physiological demands of top-class refereeing in relation to physical capacity: effect of intense intermittent exercise training. J. of Sports Sc. 19: 881-891. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404101753113831

Krustrup P, Mohr M, Amstrup T, Rysgaard T, Johansen J, Steensberg A, Pedersen P & Bansgbo J. (2003). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: physiological response, reliability and validity. Med. Sc. Sports and Exerc. 35:697-705. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000058441.94520.32

Krustrup P, Hellsten Y & Bangsbo J. (2004). Intense interval training enhances human skeletal muscle oxygen uptake in the initial phase of dynamic exercise at high but not at low intensities. J. Physiol. 559: 335-345. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.062232

Krustrup P, Mohr M, Steensberg A, Bencke J, Kjaer M & Bangsbo J. (2006). Muscle and blood metabolities during a soccer game: implications for sprint performance. Med. Sci. Sports and Exerc.(38) 6: 1165-1174. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000222845.89262.cd

Kurkiaja D & Segal S. (1995). Conducted vasodilation elevates flow in arteriole networks of hnster striated muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 269: 1723-1728.

Laughlin M, Korthuis R, Duncker D & Bache R. (1996). Control of blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle during exercise. In Handbook of Physiology, XII: Exercise: Regulation and Integration of multiple systems. Eds. Rowel L and Shepherd J, 705-769. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.cp120116

Léger L & Lambert J. (1982). Maximal multistage 20m shuttle run test to predict VO2max. Eur. J.Appl. Physiol. 49:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00428958

Léger, et al. (1988). The multistage 20m shuttle run test for aerobic fitness. Journal of Sports Sciences. 62:93-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640418808729800

MacDonald, M. (1998 and 2000). En: PATERSON N, KOWALCHUK J Y PATERSON D. (2005). Kinetics of VO2 and femoral artery blood flow during heavy intensity, knee extension exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 683-690.

Margaria R, et al. (1964). Balance and kinetics of anaerobic energy release during strenous exercise in man. J. Appl. Physiol. 19: 623-628.

Margaria R, et al. (1965). The kinetic of the oxygen consumption at the onset of muscular exercise in man. Ergonomics, 8: 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140136508930773

Martin D, Carl K, Lehnertz K. (2001). Manual de Metodología del Entrenamiento Deportivo. ED. Paidotribo.

McCreary C, et al. (1996). In: Scheuermann B Y Barstow T. (2003) O2 uptake kinetics during exercise at peak O2 uptake. J. Appl. Physiol. 95: 2014-2022.

Mohr M, Krustrup P & Bangsbo J. (2003). Match performance of high standard soccer players with special reference to development of fatigue. J. Sp. Sciences. 21:519-528. https://doi.org/10.1080/0264041031000071182

Neumann G. (1990). La struttura della prestazione negli sport di resistenza. SDS.

Nielsen J, Mohr M, Klarskov C, et al. (2004). Effects of high intensity intermittent training on potassium kinetics and performance in human skeletal muscle. J. Physiol.554: 857-870. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2003.050658

Noakes T. (1991). Lore of running. Champaign, IL. Leissure Press, 450.

NOAKES T, MYNURGH K, SCHALL R. (1990). Peak treadmill running velocity during the VO2max test predicts running performance. J. Sports Sci. 8: 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419008732129

Nöcker J, Bohlau N & Hohnen R. (1980). In: Bases biológicas del ejercicio y del entrenamiento. Nöcker J. ED. Kapelusz.

Nöcker J, Lehmannn D & Schleusing G. (1958). In: Fisiología del trabajo físico. Astrand y Rodahl.(1985) 2º edición. ED. Médica Panamericana.

Pate R, Pratt M, Blair Sn, et al. (1995). Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA; 273: 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1995.03520290054029

Paterson N, Kowalchuk J & Paterson D. (2005). Kinetics of VO2 and femoral artery blood flow during heavy intensity, knee extension exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 99: 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00707.2004

Peters S & Spriet L. (1995). Skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase activity examined under physiological condition in vitro. J. Appl. Physiol. 78: 1853-1858.

Phillips Sm, Green Hj, Macdonald Mj & Hughson Rl. (1995). Progressive effect of endurance training on VO2 kinetcs at the onset of submaximal exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 79:1914-1920.

Radegran G & Saltin B. (1998). Muscle blood flor at onset of dynamic exercise in man. Am. J. Physiol. 274: 314-322.

Radegran G & Calbet A. (1999). In: Exercise and circulation in health and disease. (2000). Pp.135. Eds. Saltin B, Boushel R, Secher N y Mitchell J. Human Kinetics.

Reindell H & Roskamm H. (1959) Ein Beitrag zu den physiologischen Grundlagen des Intervalltrainings unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Kreislaufes. Schweitz. S. Sportmed., 7: 1-8.

Reindell H, Roskamm H & Gerschler W. (1963). Das Intervalltraining, JA. Barth, Munich, 106.

Reilly T. (1994) The physiological profile of the soccer player. In Soccer (Ed. Ekblom). Blackwell, Oxford.31-42.

Richardson R. (2000) What governs skeletal muscle VO2max? New evidence. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 32 (1) 100-107. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00016

Richardson R, Harms C, Grassi B & Hepple R. (2004) El músculo esquelético: ¿amo o esclavo del sistema cardiovascular? Versión en espa-ol: PubliCePremium. 5/5/2004. Pid:289.www.sobreentrenamiento.com

Richardson R, Poole D, Knight S, Kurdak D, Hogan M, Grassi B, Johnson E, Kendrick K, Erickson B & Wagner P. (1993) High muscle blood flow in man: is maximal O2 extraction compromised? J. Appl. Physiol. 75: 1911-1916.

Rossiter H. 1999. In: Scheuermann, B. W., & Barstow, T. J. (2003). O2 uptake kinetics during exercise at peak O2 uptake. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 95(5), 2014–2022. http://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00590.2002

Seiler S. (2002) Understanding intervals: matching training characteristics to physiological changes. Sitio web: The Institute for Sport, Kristiansand. Norway. Stephen Seiler site.

Shoemaker J, Hodge L & Hughson, L. (1994) Cardiorespiratory kinetics and femoral artery blood velocity during dynamic knee extension exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 77:2625-2632.

Shoemaker J et al. (1996 and 1997). In: Tschakovsky M Y Hughson R. (1999) Interacción of factors determining oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 86 (4): 1101-1113.

Svensson M & Drust B. (2005). Testing Soccer players. J. Sp. Science. 23 (6) : 601-618. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021294

Tabata I, Nishimura K, Kouzaki M et al. (1996) Effects of moderate intensity endurance and high intensity intermittent training on anaerobic capacity and VO2máx. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:1237-1230. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199610000-00018

Tonkonogi M & Sahlin K. (2002) Physical exercise and mitochondrial function in human skeletal muscle. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 30(3): 129-137. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003677-200207000-00007

Tordi N, Perrey S, Harvey A & Hughson R. (2003) Oxygen uptake kinetics during two bouts of heavy cycling separated by fatiguing sprint exercise in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 94: 533-541. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00532.2002

Treuth M, Hunter G & Williams M. (1996) Effects of exercise intensity on 24-h energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28(9): 1138-1143. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199609000-00009

Tschakovsky M & Hughson R. (1999) Interacción of factors determining oxygen uptake at the onset of exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 86 (4): 1101-1113.

Tschakovsky M, Shoemaker J & Hughson R. (1995) Beat by beat forearm blood flow with Doppler Ultrasound and strain-gauge plethysmography. J. Appl. Physiol. 79: 713-719.

Van Aaken E & Berben D. (1971) Intervall training. Teoría della corsa prolungata. Ed. Atletica legera. Milano.

Verchoshanskij J. (1992) Un nuovo sistema di allenamento negli sport ciclici. Rivista di cultura sportiva. SDS. 27:33-45. Oct/Dic.

Walloe L & Wesche J. (1988) Time course and magnitude of blood flow changes in human quadriceps muscle during and following rhythmic exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 405: 257-273. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017332

Watkins, J. (1999) Structure and Functions of the Musculoskeletal System. ED. Human Kinetics.

Downloads

Statistics

Statistics RUA

How to Cite

Casas, A. (2008). Physiology and methodology of intermittent resistance training for acyclic sports. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 3(1), 23–52. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2008.31.03

Issue

Section

Review Paper