Assessing strength and power in resistance training
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2009.42.04Keywords:
1-RM test, Progressive load, Velocity, PowerAbstract
Maximal Dynamic Strength is usually assessed either by the one repetition maximum test (1-RM) or by a repetition maximum test with submaximal loads, which requires the application of a formula to estimate the value of 1-RM. This value is needed to establish the objective of resistance training: such as maximum strength, endurance strength, and/or explosive strength. However, both 1-RM and submaximal tests are unable to highlight the changes produced on power and velocity. This manuscript summarizes and reviews several common strength testing protocols and proposes a novel approach that may offer greater insight to hierarchical muscle functionality.
Downloads
References
Armtrong D. Power Training The key to Athletics Success. NSCA Journal. 1993; 15(6):7-10.
Baker D., Nance S., Moore M. The load that maximizes the averages mechanical power Output during Explosive Bench press throws in highly trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15(1):20-4.
Baker D., Nance S., Moore M. The load that maximizes the averages mechanical power Output during jump squat in power trained athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15(1):92-7.
Baker D., Newton R.U. Methods to increase the effectiveness of maximal power training for the upper body. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 27(6):24-32. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200512000-00004
Baker D. A series of studies on the training of High Intensity Muscle Power in Rugby League Football Player. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15(2):198-209.
Branderburg J.P. The acute effects of prior dynamic resistance exercise using different loads on subsequent upper-body explosive performance in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2005; 19(2):427-32.
Brown L.E, Weir J.P. ASEP procedures recommendation I: Accurate assessment of muscular strength. JEPonline. 2001; 4(3):1-21.
Chandler J.T. Letters to the Editor, by Naclerio A. F. Strength Cond J. 2001; 23(1): 7-9. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200102000-00001
Cronin J., Sleivert G. Challenges in understanding the influence of maximal power training on improving athletic performance. Sports Med. 2005; 35(3):213-34. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535030-00003
Derenne C., Ho K.W., Murphy J.C. Effects of general, special and specific resistance training on throwing velocity in baseball: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res. 2001; 15(1):148-56. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200102000-00026
Dugan E.L., Doyle T.L.A., Humphries B., Hasson C.J., Newton R.U. Determining the optimal load for jump squat: A review of methods and calculations. J Strength and Cond Res. 2004; 18(3):668-74. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(2004)18<668:DTOLFJ>2.0.CO;2
Enoka R.M. Neuromechanics of Human Movement. 3th, ed.: Human Kinetics; 2002.
Faigembaum A.D., Milliken L.A., Westcott W.L. Maximal strength testing in healthy children. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17(1): 162-6.
Fleck S.J., Kraemer W.J. Designing Resistance Training Programs. 2º ed. Champaing IL: Human Kinetics; 1997.
Hori N., Newton R.U., Nosaka K., Mcguigan R.M. Comparison of different methods of determining power output in weightlifting exercises. Strength Cond J. 2006; 28(2): 34-40. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200604000-00006
Hori N., Newton R.U., Nosaka K. Weightlifting Exercise Enhance Athletic Performance That Requires High-Load Speed. Strength Cond J. 2005; 27(4):50-5. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200508000-00008
Izquierdo M., Häkkinen K., González-Badillo J.J., Ibáñez J., Gorostiaga E.M. Effects of long-Term training specify on maximal strength and power of the upper and lower extremities in athletes from different sports. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002; 87:264-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-002-0628-y
Kawamori N., Haff G.G. The optimal training load for the development of muscular power. J Strength Cond Res. 2004; 18(3):675-84.
Kawamori N., Newton R.U. Velocity specificity of resistance training: actual movement velocity versus intention to move explosively. Strength Cond J. 2006; 28(2):86-91. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200604000-00015
Knuttgen H.G., Kraemer W.J. Terminology and measurement in exercise performance. J Appl Sports Sci Res. 1987; 1(1):1-10.
Knuttgen H.G, Pv K. Basic consideration for exercise, Chapter 1. In: Komi PV, editor. Strength and power in sport. Second edition. Ed: Blackwell Publishing; 2003. p. 3-7.
Knutzen K.M., Brilla L.R., Caine D. Validity of 1 MR prediction equation for older Adults. J Strength Cond Res. 1999; 13(3):242-6.
Kraemer J.W., Fleck S.J. Optimizing strength training. Designing nonlinear periodization workouts. Human Kinetics; 2007.
Kravitz L., Akalan C., Nowicki K., Kinzey J. Prediction of 1 repetition maximum in hig-school power lifters. J Strength Cond Res. 2003; 17(1):167-72.
Lesuer D.A., Mccormick J.H., Mayhew J.L., Wasserstein R.L., Arnold D.M. The Accuracy of seven predictions for estimating 1-RM performance in the bench press, squat, and deadlift. J Strength Cond Res. 1997; 11(4):211-3.
Mayhew J.L., Ball T.E., Arnold M.D., Bowen J. Relative muscular endurance performance as a predictor of bench press strength in college men and woman. J Appl Sport Sci Res. 1992; 6(4):200-6.
Mayhew J.L., Mayhew D.L., Ware J.S., Bowen J.C. Accuracy of various repetitions Maximum Weight for predicting Bench Press. Med Sci sports Exerc. 2000; 32(Supplement to 5):1782 S352.
Morales J., Sobonya S. Use of submaximal repetition tests for predicting 1-RM strength in class athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 1996; 10(3):186-9.
Naclerio F., Forte D., Colado J.C., Benavent J.Y., Chulvi I. Analysis of the force and power produced in the squat over 52 weeks training. Med Sci Sport Exc. 2007; 39(5 Supplement,): S293. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274135.36550.d6
Nigg B.M. Forces acting on and in the human body. Chapter 14. In: Nigg B.M. MBR, and Mester J., editors. Biomechanics and Biology of Movements. Champaing Il.: Human Kinetics; 2000. p. 253-68.
Reynolds J.M., Gordon T.J., Robergs R.A. Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry. J Strength Cond Res. 2006; 20(3):584-92.
Rodríguez M.I, Chagas Gomes P.S. Muscular strength and endurance test: reliability and prediction of one maximum- Review and new evidences. Rev Brass Med Esporte. 2003; 9(5):336-46.
Sale G.D. Testing Strength and Power. Chapter 3. In: MacDougal JC, Wenger HA, Green HJ, editors. Physiological testing of high performance athlete. 2º ed. Champaing IL: Human Kinetics, 1991. p. 21-106.
Siff M.C. Supertraining. 5º ed. Denver USA: Supertraining institute; 2004.
Simpson S.R., Rozenek R., Garhammer J., Lacourse M., Storer T. Comparison of one repetition maximum between free weight and universal machine exercises. J Strength and Cond Res. 1997; 11(2):103-6.
Ware J.S., Clemens C.T., Mayehew J.L., Johnston T.J. Muscular endurance repetition to predict bench press and squat in college football player. J Strength Cond Res. 1995; 9(2): 99-103.
Wathen D., Roll F. Training methods and modes. Chapter 22. In: Baechle TR., editor. Essential of Strength Training and Conditioning (NSCA). Champaing IL: Human Kinetics; 1994. p. 403-15.
Watkins J. Structure and function of the musculoskeletal system. Champaing IL: Human Kinetics; 1999.
Wood T.M., Maddalozzo G.F., Harte R.A. Accuracy of seven equations for predicting 1-RM performance of apparently healthy, sedentary older adults. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science. 2002; 6(2):67-94. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327841MPEE0602_1
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2009 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
