Long term effects of doping in sporting records: 1886-2012
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2014.93.05Keywords:
Drugs, Performance enhancing substances, Top athletes, Track and field, Winter sportsAbstract
Best life times of top athletes, Olympic records, world records, and any doping information were collected from the IOC, IAAF, WADA and national anti-doping associations. About 1560 records of male and female athletes in 22 disciplines of summer and 4 winter sports were collected. Data were analysed for long-term effects of doping using non-linear regression techniques. Comparisons were made of pre-1932 records (when steroids became available) and post. Analyses were repeated using 1967, when widespread use of doping was formally acknowledged. After these dates records in a number of disciplines did not improve as predicted by extrapolation of pre-doping years results. Averaged best life records for ‘doped’ top athletes did not differ significantly from those considered ‘non-doped’. Even assuming that not all cases of doping were discovered, the practice did not alter sporting records as commonly believed, Doping may be damaging image of sports without benefitting results.
Downloads
References
Bhasin, S., Storer, T., Berman, N., Callegari, C., Clevenger, B., Phillips, J., et al. (1996). The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. New England Journal of Medicine, 335, pp.1–7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199607043350101
Cycling News. (2008). Albert calls Tour win impossible without doping. Retrieved 9th September 2011 from: http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/albert-calls-tour-win-impossible-without-doping
Cycling News. (2010). Kohl: Not possible to win Tour de France without doping. Retrieved 15th July 2011 from: http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kohl-not-possible-to-win-tour-de-france-without-doping
Cycling News. (2011). Howman: Reform needed in anti-doping fight. Retrieved 15th Nov 2011 from: http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/howman-reform-needed-in-anti-doping-fight
Erotokritou-Mulligan, I., Bassett, E., Kniess, A., Sönksen, P., & Holt, R. (2007).Validation of the growth hormone (GH)-dependent marker method of detecting GH abuse in sport through the use of independent data sets. Growth Hormone & IGF Research, 17, pp.416–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2007.04.013
Franke, W., & Berendonk, B. (1997). Hormonal doping and androgenization of athletes: a secret program of the German DemocraticRepublic government. Clinical Chemistry, 43(7), pp.1262–1279.
Fowler, Gardner & Egstrom (1965). Effect of an anabolic steroid on physical performance of young men. Journal of Applied Physiology, 20(5), pp.1038-1040. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1965.20.5.1038
Graham, M., Davies, B., Grace, F., Kicman, A., & Baker, J. (2008).Anabolic Steroid Use: Patterns of use and detection of doping. Sports Medicine, 38(6), pp.505-525. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00005
Hardie, M., Shilbury, D., Ware, I., & Bozzi, C. (2010). I wish I was 326 twenty one now-beyond doping in the Australian Peloton. Retrieved from: http://www.newcyclingpathway.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/21- 327NOW-FINAL-.pdf
Hayes, K., Thomas, O., Maynard, I., & Bawden, M. (2009). The role of confidence in world-class sport performance. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(11), pp.1185-1199. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903089798
Hermann, A., & Henneberg, M. (2012). The Doping Myth: 100 m sprint results are not improved by 'doping', International Journal of Drug Policy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.06.010
Howartson, G., & van Someren, K. (2008). The prevention and treatment of exercise induced muscle damage. Sports Medicine, 38(6), pp.483-503. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00004
International Association of Athletics Federations. (2011). Retrieved 22nd July 2011 from: http://www.iaaf.org
International Olympic Committee. (2011). Retrieved 22nd July 2011 from: http://www.olympic.org/
Jeffery, N., (2008), Systematic Chinese doping scams exposed. Available: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/chinese-doping-scams-exposed/story-e6frg7y6-1111116988254), accessed 24th April 2013.
Lentillon-Kaestner, V. (2011). The development of doping use in high-level cycling: From team-organized doping to advances in the fight against doping, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports.
Lentillon-Kaestner, V., & Carstairs, C. (2010). Doping useamong young elite cyclists: a qualitative psychosocial approach. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20, pp.336-345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00885.x
Liu, H., Bravata, D., Olkin, I., Friedlander, A., Liu, V., et.al., (2008). Systematic Review: The Effects of Growth Hormone on Athletic Performance. Annals of Internal Medicine, 148, pp.747-758. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-10-200805200-00215
Mroczkowska, H. (2009). Perception of doping-related risks by junior and senior athletes. Biomedical Human Kinetics, 1, pp.23-25. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10101-009-0007-9
Noakes, T. (2004), Tainted Glory — Doping and Athletic Performance. New England Journal of Medicine, 351(9), pp.847-849. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp048208
Roi, G., & Bianchedi, D. (2008). The science of fencing: Implications for performance and injury prevention. Sports Medicine, 38(6), pp.465-481. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838060-00003
Saugy, M., Robinson, N., Saudan, C., Baume, N., Avois, L., & Mangin, P. (2006). Human growth hormone doping in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(Suppl I), pp.i35–i39. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.027573
Simon, P., Striegel, H., Aust, F., Dietz, K., & Ulrich, R. (2006). Doping in fitness sports: estimated number of unreported cases and individual probability of doping. Addiction, 101, pp.1640-1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01568.x
United States Anti-Doping Association, (2012a) Available: http://cyclinginvestigation.usada.org/, Accessed, 11th Oct 2012
Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Naughton, D., Mazanov, J., Ránky, M., & Petróczi, A. (2011). Self-admitted behavior and perceived use of performance-enhancing vs psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21, pp.224–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01041.x
Vealey, R. S. (2001). Understanding and enhancing self-confidence in athletes. In R. N. Singer, H. A. Hausenblas, & C.M. Janelle (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology, pp.550–565. New York: Wiley.
World Anti-Doping Association. (2010). 2010 Laboratory Statistics Report. Retrieved 15th July 2011 from: http://www.wada-ma.org/Documents/Resources/Statistics/Laboratory_Statistics/WADA_2010_Laboratory_Statistics_Report.pdf
World Anti Doping Association. (2011). Retrieved 15th July 2011 from: http://www.wada-ama.org
World Anti-Doping Agency, (2012) World Anti Doping Agency, 2012a, A brief history of anti-doping, Avaliable: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About-WADA/History/, accessed on 25th Oct 2012.
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
