Allometric scaling of body mass in running economy data: An important consideration in modeling marathon performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.122.03Keywords:
Distance running, Respiratory exchange ratio, Endurance training, Oxygen kinetics, Exercise efficiencyAbstract
The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic variables during submaximal running as predictors of marathon performance. Running economy (RE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) data were gathered during a 30 min incremental treadmill run completed within 2 weeks prior to running a 42.2-km marathon. Paces during the treadmill run progressed every 5 min from 75-100% of 10-km race velocity. Variables at each stage were analyzed as predictors of relative marathon performance (RMP) in competitive (COMP) and recreational (REC) runners. Twenty-nine runners were classified as COMP (n = 12; age 30 ± 8 years) or REC (n =17; age 20 ± 1 year) based on performance in shorter races. RMP was calculated as percent difference from predicted marathon finish time. Two methods of calculating RE were used: unscaled (ml.kg-1.km-1) and with allometric scaling of body mass (ml.kg-0.75.km-1). The COMP runners were significantly more economical than REC (p=0.005; p=0.015 with scaling). For the whole population, RE with and without scaling was significantly correlated with RMP. Within groups, RMP was not significantly correlated with RE unless scaling was used: COMP runners at 75% (p=0.044), 80% (p=0.040), and REC runners at 85% (p=0.038). Runners classified as COMP were more economical than REC, but RER was not different. The use of allometric scaling is important when assessing homogeneous groups. In this study, allometrically-scaled RE at 80-85% of 10-km velocity was the best predictor of RMP within groups.Downloads
References
Armstrong, L.E., & Costill, D.L. (1985). Variability of respiration and metabolism: Responses to submaximal cycling and running. Res Q Exercise Sport. 56(2): 93-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1985.10608441
Bale, P., Bradbury, D., & Colley, E. (1986). Anthropometric and training variables related to 10km running performance. Brit J Sport Med. 20(4): 170-173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.20.4.170
Barnes K., & Kilding A. (2015). Strategies to improve running economy. Sports Med. 45(1): 37-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0246-y
Beneke, R., & Hutler, M. (2005). The Effect of Training on Running Economy and Performance in Recreational Athletes. Med Sci Sport Exer. 37(10): 1794–1799. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000176399.67121.02
Berg, K. (2003). Endurance training and performance in runners. Sports Med. 33(1): 59-73. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333010-00005
Bergh, U., Sjodin, B., Forsberg, A., & Svedenhag, J. (1991). The relationship between body mass and oxygen uptake during running in humans. Med Sci Sport Exer. 23(2): 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199102000-00010
Coyle, E.F. (2007). Physiological regulation of marathon performance. Sports Med. 37(4-5): 306-11. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00009
Coyle, E.F. (1995). Substrate utilization during exercise in active people. Am J Clin Nutr. 61(4): 968S-979S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/61.4.968S
Daniels, J.T. (2013). Daniels' running formula (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Daniels, J., & Daniels, N. (1992). Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Med Sci Sport Exer, 24(4), 483-9. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199204000-00015
Fletcher, J.R., Esau, S.P., & MacIntosh, B.R. (2010). Changes in tendon stiffness and running economy in highly trained distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 110(5): 1037-1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1582-8
Foster, C., & Lucia, A. (2007). Running economy. Sports Med. 37(4-5): 316-319. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00011
Hawley, J.A. (2002). Adaptations of Skeletal Muscle to Prolonged, Intense Endurance Training. Clin Exp Pharmacol P. 29(3): 218-222. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03623.x
Hawley, J.A., & Spargo, F.J. (2007). Metabolic adaptations to marathon training and racing. Sports Med. 37(4-5): 328-331. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737040-00014
Helgerud, J. (1994). Maximal oxygen uptake, anaerobic threshold and running economy in women and men with similar performances level in marathons. Eur J Appl Physiol O. 68(2): 155-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00244029
Jeukendrup, A.E., & Wallis, G.A. (2005). Measurement of substrate oxidation during exercise by means of gas exchange measurements. Int J Sports Med. 26(S1): S28-S37. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-830512
Joyner, M.J., & Coyle, E.F. (2008). Endurance exercise performance: The physiology of champions. J Physiol, 586(1): 35-44. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.143834
Mello, R.P., Murphy, M.M., & Vogel, J.A. (1988). Relationship between a two mile run for time and maximal oxygen uptake. J Strength Cond Res. 2(1): 9-12. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-198802000-00003
Pereira, M.A., & Freedson, P.S. (1997). Intraindividual variation of running economy in highly trained and moderately trained males. Int J Sports Med. 18(02): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972606
Saunders, P.U., Pyne, D.B., Telford, R.D., & Hawley, J.A. (2004a). Reliability and variability of running economy in elite distance runners. Med Sci Sport Exer. 36(11): 1972-1976. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000145468.17329.9F
Saunders, P.U., Pyne, D.B., Telford, R.D., & Hawley, J.A. (2004b). Factors affecting running economy in trained distance runners. Sports Med. 34(7): 465-485. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434070-00005
Shaw, A., Ingham, S., Fudge, B., & Folland, J. (2013). The reliability of running economy expressed as oxygen cost and energy cost in trained distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 38(12), 1268-72. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0055
Sinnett, A.M., Berg, K., Latin, R.W., & Noble, J.M. (2001). The relationship between field tests of anaerobic power and 10-km run performance. J Strength Cond Res. 15(4): 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200111000-00002
Storen, O., Helgerud, J., & Hoff, J. (2011). Running stride peak forces inversely determine running economy in elite runners. J Strength Cond Res. 25(1): 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b62c8a
Svedenhag, J. (1995). Maximal and submaximal oxygen uptake during running: How should body mass be accounted for? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 5(4), 175-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00033.x
Turner, A.M., Owings, M., & Schwane, J.A. (2003). Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training. J Strength Cond Res. 17(1), 60-67. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200302000-00010
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
