The performance success within the competitive equestrian field: A novice and intermediate rider focused investigation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2017.12.Proc3.10Keywords:
NONE-ELITE, SPORTS PEFORMANCE, EQUESTRIAN RIDERS, EQUESTRIAN SPORTS DYNAMICSAbstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate Equestrian Sports Dynamics (Motivation, Coach-Athlete Relationship, Self-Efficacy and Training- both Physical and Mental) of affiliated U.K equestrian riders upon their performance success of affiliated competition across three disciplines, Showjumping, Dressage and Eventing (The three dominant disciplines in the Equine U.K.) A hybrid questionnaire was produced from the Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire, Mental Toughness Inventory, Sports Motivational Scale-28, the Self-Efficacy Scale and one’s own adopted and refined questions (for the physical training research). The total participants accepted (n=236, Showjumping=107, British Eventing=49, British Dressage=80) and the total participants rejected (n=144) were accounted. A multiple regression analysis was implemented with revealing findings. Motivation was significantly and negatively correlated with performance success on Novice Eventers and Intermediate Showjumpers. These proved to be the only predictors of performance success, however interestingly, it was found that the predictor variables across the disciplines and levels were for the most part, moderately and positively correlated upon each other. However, these findings were not significant. This suggests there is evidence for the Equestrian Sports Dynamics that do work in unison for future investigations on the relationship of these moderately correlated variables, despite non-significance. It is recommended that further investigations of these Equestrian Sports Dynamics are to be implemented to extend the understanding of this sporting phenomenon in utilising these key elements to push forward Britain’s Equestrian rider performance which is to be replicated on the national and world stage.
Funding
British Eventing, British Dressage, British Showjumping Association, The University of Central Lancashire.Downloads
References
Adie, J.W. & Jowett, S. (2010). Meta-Perceptions of the Coach-Athlete Relationship, Achievement Goals, and Intrinsic Motivation Among Sport Participants, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(11), 2750–2773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00679.x
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy and Health Behaviour. In A. Baum, S. Newman, J. Wienman, R. West, & C. McManus (Eds.), Cambridge Handbook of Psychology, Health and Medicine, 160-162. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-Efficacy: Toward A Unifying Theory of Behavioural Change', Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. 7th ed. United States: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (2006). Guide For Constructing Self-Efficacy Scales. In F. Pajares & T. Urdan (Eds.). Self-efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, 5, 307-337. Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing.
Bandura, A. (1982). The Assessment and Predictive Generality of Self-Percepts of Efficacy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 195-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7916(82)90004-0
Barnett, N. P., Smoll, F. L. & Smith, R. E. (1992). Effects of Enhancing Coach-Athlete Relationships on Youth Sport Attrition. The Sport Psychologist, 6, 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.2.111
Bouffard-Bouchard, T. (1990). Influence of Self-Efficacy on Performance in A Cognitive Task, The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(3), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1990.9924591
Claxton, D. B. (1988). A Systematic Observation of More and Less Successful High School Tennis Coaches. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 7, 302-310. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.7.4.302
Clough, P., Earle, K. & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental Toughness: The Concept and Its Measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in Sport Psychology, 32–46. London: Thomson Learning.
Deuster, P. A., & Silverman, M. N. (2013). Physical fitness: a pathway to health and resilience. US Army Medical Department Journal, 24-35.
Devenport, T. (1997). Perceptions of The Contribution Of Psychology To Success In Elite Kickboxing. Journal of Sports Sciences and Medicine, CSSI, 99‐107.
Dorsch, T., Smith, A. & Dotterer, A (2016). Individual, Relationship, And Context Factors Associated With Parent Support And Pressure In Organized Youth Sport, Psychology Of Sport & Exercise, 23, 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.12.003
Dragos, P. F. (2014). Study regarding the role of motivation in the sport performance activities. Baltic Journal of Health & Physical Activity, 6(1), 48–55. http://doi.org/10.2478/bjha-2014-0006
Endler, N.S., Edwards, J.M., & Vitelli, R. (1991). Multidimensional Anxiety Scales (EMAS): Manual. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Feltz, D., Short, S., Sullivan, P. & Short, R.A. (2007). Self - Efficacy in Sport. Leeds: Human Kinetics Publishers.
Halliday, E., Willmott, B. & Randle, H. (2011). Physiological Measures of Fitness of Riders and Non-Riders, Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 6(5), pp. 300–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.05.029
Halliday, E. & Randle, H. (2013). The Horse and Rider Bodyweight Relationship Within The UK Horse Riding Population, Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 8(2), 8–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2012.12.020
Hatzigeorgiadis, A.N. Theodorakis, N. Zourbanos. (2004). Self-Talk In The Swimming Pool: The Effects Of Self-Talk On Thought Content And Performance On Water-Polo Tasks. Journal Applied Sport Psychology, 16, 138–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200490437886
Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Zourbanos, N., Mpournpaki, S., & Theodorakis. Y. (2009). Mechanisms Underlying The Self-Talk-Performance Relationship: The Effects Of Motivational Self-Talk On Self-Confidence And Anxiety. Psychology Sport Exercise, 10, 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.07.009
Heazlewood, I. & Burke, S. (2011). Self-Efficacy and Its Relationship To Selected Sport Psychological Constructs In The Prediction Of Performance In Ironman Triathlon, Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 6(2), 328–350. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2011.62.14
Heider, F. (1958). The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations. New York: Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1037/10628-000
Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (1997a). An Introduction to Classical (Respondent) Conditioning. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behavior/classcnd.html (Accessed: 1 March 2016).
Huitt, W., & Hummel, J. (1997b). An Introduction to Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/behavior/operant.html(Accessed:1March2016).
Huitt, W. (2011). Motivation to learn: An overview. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State Universitywww.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html (Accessed:2 March 2016).
Isoard-Gautheur, S., Trouilloud, D., Gustafsson, H. & Guillet-Descas, E. (2016). Associations Between The Perceived Quality Of The Coach–Athlete Relationship And Athlete Burnout: An examination of the mediating role of achievement goals, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 22, 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.08.003
Jowett, S. & Ntoumanis, N. (2004).The Coach–Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and Initial Validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports, 14 (4). 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2003.00338.x
Jowett, S., & Poczwardowski, A. (2007). Understanding the Coach-Athlete Relationship.
Kleinginna, P., Jr., & Kleinginna A. (1981). A Categorized List of Motivation Definitions, With Suggestions for A Consensual Definition. Motivation and Emotion, 5, 263-291. www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/motivation/motivate.html (Accessed:2 March 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00993889
Lazarus, R.S. & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company, 141–178.
McGreevy, P.D. (2002). Development and Resolution of Behavioural Problems in The Ridden Horse. Havemeyer Workshop on Horse Behaviour and Welfare, Holar, Iceland, 13, 110–115.
McGreevy,P.D. (2007). The Advent of Equitation Science. The Veterinary Journal 174 (3), 492-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2006.09.008
Meyers, M.C., Bourgeois, A.E. LeUnes, A. & Murray, N.G. (1999). Mood and Psychological Skills of Elite and Sub-Elite Equestrian Athletes. Journal of Sport Behaviour. 22(3), 399–409.
Nicholls, A.R., Polman, R.C.J., Levy, A.R. & Borkoles, E. (2010). The Mediating Role of Coping: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of The Relationship Between Coping Self-Efficacy and Coping Effectiveness Among Athletes, International Journal of Stress Management, 17(3), 181–192. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020064
O' Callaghan, L. (2015). Pre-Competition Mental Training, Self-Efficacy and Performance in Amateur Equestrian Athletes, Dublin Business School.
Pellietair, L.G., Vallerand, R.J. & Fortier, M.D. (1995). Toward a New Measure of Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, and Amotivation in Sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17, 35–55. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.35
Rottensteiner, C, Tolvanen, A, Laakso, L, & Konttinen, N. (2015). Youth Athletes' Motivation, Perceived Competence, and Persistence in Organized Team Sports, Journal of Sport Behavior, 38, (4) 432-449.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Schwarzer, R. (Ed.) (1992). Self-efficacy: Thought control of action. Washington, DC: Hem sphere.
Sinden, L. M. (1999). Music performance anxiety: Contributions of perfectionism, coping style, self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 60(3-A), 0590.
Schoeman, H, Coetzer, E, Watkin, S, Shaw, B, Lombard, A, & Shaw, I (2014). Role of Physical Fitness Parameters in Squash Performance, African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation & Dance, 20 (3), 955-962.
Schwarzer, R. (1992). Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action. Bristol, PA: Hemisphere Pub. Corp.
Smith, R.E., Smoll, F.L. & Barnett, N.P. (1995). 'Coaching the Coaches', Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6, pp. 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512606
Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E. & Cumming, S. P. (2007). Effects of A Motivational Climate Intervention For Coaches On Changes In Young Athletes' Achievement Goal Orientations. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1 (1). 23-46. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.1.1.23
Træen, B., Westerberg, A.C., Njøten, M.O. & Røysamb, E. (2015) Predictors of Self-Efficacy in Norwegian Competition Riders, Journal of Equine Veterinary Science, 35(10), 807–814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2015.07.021
Vargas-Tonsing, T.M. (2009). An Exploratory Examination of the Effects of Coaches' Pre-Game Speeches on Athletes' Perceptions of Self-Effícacy and Emotion, Journal of Sport Behavior, 32(1).
Van Dierendonck, M. & Goodwin, D. (2005). Social Contact in Horses: Implications For Human–Horse Interactions. 65–81.
Van De Mortel, T.F. (2008). Faking It: Social Desirability Response Bias in Self-Report Research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 25(4), 40.
Von Borstel, U. (2007). Fear In Horses And How It Is Affected By The Rider, Training, and Genetics. Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of GuelpWard, Guelph, 136.
Weiner, B. (1974). Achievement Motivation and Attribution Theory. Morristown, N.J.: General Learning Press.
Beauchamp, M. R., & Whinton, L. C. (2005). Self-Efficacy and Other-Efficacy in Dyadic Performance: Riding as One in Equestrian Eventing. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(2), 245–252. http://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.2.245
Wilcox, S. (1973). The Event Horse. London: Pelham Books Ltd.
Wolframm I.A., & Micklewright D. (2009). Pre-Competitive Levels of Arousal and Self-Confidence Among Elite and Non-Elite Equestrian Riders, Comparative Exercise Physiology. 5 (3-4) 153-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478061509356133
Wolframm, I.A., Shearman, J., & Micklewright, D. (2010). A Preliminary Investigation into Pre-competitive Mood States of Advanced and Novice Equestrian Dressage Riders. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22 (3), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.485544
Yerkes, R.M. & Dodson, J.D. (1908) 'The Relation of Strength of Stimulus to Rapidity of Habit-Formation', Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology, 18(5), 459–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.920180503
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
