Is the aerobic power a delimitating factor for performance on canoe slalom? An analysis of Olympic Slovak canoe slalom medalists and non-Olympics since Beijing 2008 to Rio 2016
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.144.16Keywords:
Maximal oxygen consumption, Muscular power, Running speed, Paddler, TreadmillAbstract
Information regarding the aerobic power on canoe slalom performance is scares. Moreover, the comparison of maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) via specific and non-specific ergometer for slalom kayakers may improve training prescription and controlling over Olympic cycles. Lastly, it is still unknown to what extent the VO2max delimitate the high performance in this sport. To test this perspective, a highly qualified sample is desired. In overall statistics, Slovakian athletes gathered 14 Olympic medals over the last sixteen years. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to compare the aerobic power of Olympic medallists and Non-Olympic Slovakian kayakers via specific and non-specific evaluations from Beijing 2008 to Rio 2016 Summer Olympic Games. Forty-two male canoe slalom athletes from Slovak national team were evaluated between the years 2006 and 2016. Slovakian athletes were tested for specific (i.e. paddling ergometer) and non-specific (i.e. treadmill) incremental protocols for VO2max determination. Over the last three Summer Olympic Games, the VO2max of Slovakian Olympic medallists was consistently lower than most of the Slovakian team. Moreover, disregarding the medallist characteristic or the moment, Slovakian kayakers presented higher VO2max on treadmill (57.7±6.8 mL.kg-1.min-1) when compared to paddle ergometer (46.9±6.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) (p=0.000; ES=1.6). Based on the collected data over the last ten years, we suggest that although aerobic power may play a relevant and indirect role on performance of slalom kayakers, does not delimitate the high performance in this sport.
Downloads
References
Bassett, D. R. J., & Howley, E. T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 32(1), 70–84. United States. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200001000-00012
Bentley, D. J., Newell, J., & Bishop, D. (2007). Incremental exercise test design and analysis: implications for performance diagnostics in endurance athletes. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 37(7), 575–586. New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737070-00002
Bergh, U., Kanstrup, I. L., & Ekblom, B. (1976). Maximal oxygen uptake during exercise with various combinations of arm and leg work. Journal of applied physiology, 41(2), 191–196. United States. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1976.41.2.191
Bielik, V., Lendvorský, L., Lengvarský, L., Lopata, P., Petriska, R., & PelikáNová, J. (2018). Road to the Olympics: Physical ftness of medalists of the canoe Sprint Junior european and World championship events over the past 20 years. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(6).
Bobbert, A. C. (1960). Physiological comparison of three types of ergometry. Journal of Applied Physiology, 15(6), 1007 LP-1014. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1960.15.6.1007
Brooks, G. A. (2002). Lactate shuttles in nature. Biochemical Society transactions, 30(2), 258–264. England. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0300258
Brooks, G. A. (2018). The Science and Translation of Lactate Shuttle Theory. Cell metabolism, 27(4), 757–785. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.03.008
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round (p < .05). American Psychologist. US: American Psychological Association.
Ferrari, H. G., Messias, L. H. D., Reis, I. G. M., Gobatto, C. A., Sousa, F. A. B., Serra, C. C. S., & Manchado-Gobatto, F. B. (2017). Aerobic Evaluation in Elite Slalom Kayakers Using a Tethered Canoe System: A New Proposal. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 12(7), 864–871. United States. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0272
Garcia-Pallares, J., Garcia-Fernandez, M., Sanchez-Medina, L., & Izquierdo, M. (2010). Performance changes in world-class kayakers following two different training periodization models. European journal of applied physiology, 110(1), 99–107. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1484-9
Garcia-Pallares, J., Sanchez-Medina, L., Carrasco, L., Diaz, A., & Izquierdo, M. (2009). Endurance and neuromuscular changes in world-class level kayakers during a periodized training cycle. European journal of applied physiology, 106(4), 629–638. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1061-2
Hahn, A. G. (1988). General and specific aerobic power of elite marathon kayakers and canoeists. (A. G. Hahn, P. M. Pang, D. M. Tumilty, & R. D. Telford, Eds.)Excel, 5(Bd. 2), S. 14-19. Belconnen.
Hopkins, W. G. (2007). A Spreadsheet for Deriving a Confidence Interval, Mechanistic Inference and Clinical Inference from a P Value. Sports Sciences, (11), 16–20.
Hunter, A., Cochrane, J., & Sachlikidis, A. (2007). Canoe slalom--competition analysis reliability. Sports biomechanics, 6(2), 155–170. Scotland. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140701324842
Hunter, A., Cochrane, J., & Sachlikidis, A. (2008). Canoe slalom competition analysis. Sports biomechanics, 7(1), 24–37. Scotland. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140701683155
MacIntyre, T. E., & Moran, A. P. (2007). A qualitative investigation of imagery use and meta-imagery processes among elite canoe-slalom competitors. Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity. MacIntyre, Tadhg E.: tadhg.macintyre@ucd.ie: The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress).
MacIntyre, T., Moran, A., & Jennings, D. J. (2002). Is controllability of imagery related to canoe-slalom performance? Perceptual and motor skills, 94(3 Pt 2), 1245–1250. United States. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.3c.1245
Manchado-Gobatto, F. B., Arnosti Vieira, N., Dalcheco Messias, L. H., Ferrari, H. G., Borin, J. P., de Carvalho Andrade, V., & Terezani, D. R. (2014). Anaerobic threshold and critical velocity parameters determined by specific tests of canoe slalom: Effects of monitored training. Science & Sports, 29(4), e55–e58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2014.04.006
Messias, L. H. D., Ferrari, H. G., Reis, I. G. M., Scariot, P. P. M., & Manchado-Gobatto, F. B. (2015). Critical Velocity and Anaerobic Paddling Capacity Determined by Different Mathematical Models and Number of Predictive Trials in Canoe Slalom. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 14(1), 188–193. Uludag University.
Messias, L. H. D., Ferrari, H. G., Sousa, F. A. B., Dos Reis, I. G. M., Serra, C. C. S., Gobatto, C. A., & Manchado-Gobatto, F. B. (2015). All-out Test in Tethered Canoe System can Determine Anaerobic Parameters of Elite Kayakers. International journal of sports medicine, 36(10), 803–808. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1548766
Messias, L. H. D., dos Reis, I. G. M., Ferrari, H. G., & de Barros Manchado-Gobatto, F. (2014). Physiological, psychological and biomechanical parameters applied in canoe slalom training: a review. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 14(1), 24–41. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2014.11868700
Messias, L. H. D., Sousa, F. A. de B., Dos Reis, I. G. M., Ferrari, H. G., Gobatto, C. A., Serra, C. C. S., Papoti, M., et al. (2018). Novel paddle stroke analysis for elite slalom kayakers: Relationship with force parameters. PloS one, 13(2), e0192835. United States. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192835
Michael, J. S., Rooney, K. B., & Smith, R. (2008). The metabolic demands of kayaking: a review. Journal of sports science & medicine, 7(1), 1–7. Turkey.
Nibali, M., Hopkins, W. G., & Drinkwater, E. (2011). Variability and predictability of elite competitive slalom canoe-kayak performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 11(2), 125–130. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2010.487121
Shephard, R. J. (1987). Science and medicine of canoeing and kayaking. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 4(1), 19–33. New Zealand. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-198704010-00003
Sidney, K., & Shephard, R. J. (1973). Physiological characteristics and performance of the white-water paddler. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422428
Simmons, R., & Shephard, R. J. (1971). Measurements of cardiac output in maximum exercise. Application of an acetylene rebreathing method to arm and leg exercise. Internationale Zeitschrift für angewandte Physiologie einschließlich Arbeitsphysiologie, 29(2), 159–172.
Tesch, P. A. (1983). Physiological characteristics of elite kayak paddlers. Canadian journal of applied sport sciences. Journal canadien des sciences appliquees au sport, 8(2), 87–91. Canada.
Tesch, P., Piehl, K., Wilson, G., & Karlsson, J. (1976). Physiological investigations of Swedish elite canoe competitors. Medicine and science in sports, 8(4), 214–218. United States. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-197600840-00002
Vaccaro, P., Gray, P. R., Clarke, D. H., & Morris, A. F. (1984). Physiological characteristics of world class white-water slalom paddlers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1984.10608404
Vrijens, J., Hoekstra, P., Bouckaert, J., & Van Uytvanck, P. (1975). Effects of training on maximal working capacity and haemodynamic response during arm and leg-exercise in a group of paddlers. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 34(1), 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00999923
Zamparo, P., Tomadini, S., Didone, F., Grazzina, F., Rejc, E., & Capelli, C. (2006). Bioenergetics of a slalom kayak (k1) competition. International journal of sports medicine, 27(7), 546–552. Germany. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-865922
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
