Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

Maxforce: The new option in strength, health levels and life expectancy measurement

José Antonio Pérez-Turpin, María José Gomis-Gomis, Pablo Pérez-Suárez, Concepción Suárez-Llorca

DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.144.13

Abstract

One of the biggest challenges faced by western life-style countries is to stem the current major public health epidemic of cardiac-metabolic diseases that is creating an excessive financial and social burden. These mostly preventable diseases are triggered mainly by physical inactivity and unhealthy diets leading to an excess accumulation of bodyfat, increased inflammation and diminished strength and muscle mass. The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the strength measurement by the new MaxForce interactive dynamometer and to emphasize the importance of using these devices within the sanitary system. 97 voluntary subjects joined the study using two different dynamometers for strength measurement. We note high interclass correlation rates in the MaxForce dynamometer validity and reliability measurements (0.997 and 0.986 respectively) and a measurement error under 1.72% in relation to 5.38% of the manual dynamometer. The results endorse the validity and reliability of the MaxForce device as valuable high precision tool for measuring strength, health levels, life expectancy and sports performance for the health care professionals. MaxForce, also facilitates the strength measurement and training of many different muscle groups, which added to the audiovisual feedback makes this device a practical and useful system to improve the adhesion and motivation for training. The implementation in the sanitary system could enhance general health levels and improve of treatment results of numerous pathologies.

Keywords

Dynamometer; Validity; Reliability; Life-style

References

Ahima, R. S., & Park, H. K (2015). Connecting myokines and metabolism. Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30(3), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2015.30.3.235

Amaral, J. F., Mancini, M., & Novo Júnior, J. M (2012). Comparison of three hand dynamometers in relation to the accuracy and precision of the measurements. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 16(3), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-35552012000300007

Anker, S. D., & Coats, A. J (1999). Cardiac cachexia: a syndrome with impaired survival and immune and neuroendocrine activation. CHEST Journal, 115(3), 836-847. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.115.3.836

Anker, S. D., & Sharma, R. (2002). The syndrome of cardiac cachexia. International journal of cardiology, 85(1), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00233-4

Anwer, S., & Alghadir, A. (2014). Effect of isometric quadriceps exercise on muscle strength, pain, and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled study. Journal of physical therapy science, 26(5), 745-748. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.745

Arnold, J., Campbell, I. T., Samuels, T. A., Devlin, J. C., Green, C. J., Hipkin, L. J... Rennie, M. J. (1993). Increased whole-body protein breakdown predominates over increased whole-body protein synthesis in multiple organ failure. Clinical Science, 84(6), 655-661. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs0840655

Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998). Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine. Sports medicine, 26(4), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002

Biolo, G., Zhang, X. J., & Wolfe, R. R. (1995). Role of membrane transport in interorgan amino acid flow between muscle and small intestine. Metabolism, 44(6), 719-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(95)90183-3

Biolo, G., Fleming, R. D., Maggi, S. P., Nguyen, T. T., Herndon, D. N., & Wolfe, R. R. (2002). Inverse regulation of protein turnover and amino acid transport in skeletal muscle of hypercatabolic patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 87(7), 3378-3384. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.7.8699

Botonis, P.G., Toubekis, A.G., Terzis, G. D., Geladas, N. D., & Platanou, T. (2016). Peformance Decrement and Skill Deterioration During a Water Polo Game are Linked With the Conditioning Level of the Athletes. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 30(4), 1033-1041. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001183

Cagnie, B., Cools, A., De Loose, V., Cambier, D., & Danneels, L. (2007). Differences in isometric neck muscle strength between healthy controls and women with chronic neck pain: the use of a reliable measurement. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 88(11), 1441-1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.06.776

Cahill Jr, G. F. (1970). Starvation in man. New England Journal of Medicine, 282(12), 668-675. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197003192821209

Carlson, D., Dieberg, G., Hess, N. C., Millar, P. J., & Smart, N.A. (2014). Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 89(3), 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.10.030

Carrera-Bastos, P., Fontes-Villalba, M., O'Keefe, J. H., Lindeberg, S., & Cordain, L. (2011). The western diet and lifestyle and diseases of civilization. Research Report Clinical Cardiology, 2(2), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.2147/RRCC.S16919

Citaker, S., Guclu-Gunduz, A., Yazici, G., Bayraktar, D., Nazliel, B., & Irkec, C. (2013). Relationship between lower extremity isometric muscle strength and standing balance in patients with multiple sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation, 33(2), 293-298.

Cronin, J., Lawtoon, T., Harris, N., Kiding, A., & McMaster, D. T. (2017). A brief review of handgrip strength and sport performance. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(11), 3187-3217. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002149

Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., Baeyens, J. P., Bauer, J. M., Boirie, Y., Cederholm, T., Landi, F... Topinková, E. (2010). Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age and ageing, 39(4), 412-423. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq034

De Oliveira, M. A., Rodrigues, A. M., Da Silva Caballero, R. M., De Souza Petersen, R. D., & Shim, J. K. (2008). Strength and isometric torque control in individuals with Parkinson's disease. Experimental brain research, 184(3), 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1212-9

Felig, P., Owen, O. E., Wahren, J., & Cahill Jr, G. F. (1969). Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 48(3), 584-594. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI106017

Fess, E. E. (1992). Grip strength. Casanova JS. Clinical assessment recommendations. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists, 41-45.

Fess, E. E. (1986). The need for reliability and validity in hand assessment instruments. Journal of Hand Surgery, 11(5), 621-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(86)80001-6

Firth, J., Stubbs, B., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J. A., Large, M., Rosenbaum, S... Yung, A. R. (2018). Grip strength is associated with cognitive performance in schizophrenia and the general population: A UK biobank study of 476559 participants. Schizophrenia bulletin, 44(4), 728-736. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby034

Fiuza-Luces, C., Garatachea, N., Berger, N. A., & Lucia, A. (2013). Exercise is the real polypill. Physiology, 28(5), 330-358. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00019.2013

Fougère, B., Vellas, B., Van Kan, G. A., & Cesari, M. (2015). Identification of biological markers for better characterization of older subjects with physical frailty and sarcopenia. Translational neuroscience, 6(1), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2015-0009

Gerodimos, V., Karatrantou, K., Dipla, K., Zafeiridis, A., Tsiakaras, N., & Sotiriadis, S. (2013). Age-related differences in peak handgrip strength between wrestlers and nonathletes during the developmental years. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 27(3), 616-623. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318257812e

Gil, A., & De Medina Contreras, F. S. (Eds.) (2005). Tratado de Nutrición: Bases fisiológicas y bioquímicas de la nutrición. Madrid: Editorial Médica Panamericana.

Grøntved, A., Ried-Larsen, M., Møller, N. C., Kristensen, P. L., Froberg, K., Brage, S., & Andersen, L. B. (2015). Muscle strength in youth and cardiovascular risk in young adulthood (the European Youth Heart Study). Br J Sports Med, 49(2), 90-94. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091907

Guerra, R. S., Amaral, T. F., Sousa, A. S., Fonseca, I., Pichel, F., & Restivo, M. T. (2017). Comparison of jamar and bodygrip dynamometers for handgrip strength measurement. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(7), 1931-1940. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001666

Heinonen, I., Kemppainen, J., Kaskinoro, K., Langberg, H., Knuuti, J., Boushel, R... Kalliokoski, K. K. (2013). Bone blood flow and metabolism in humans: effect of muscular exercise and other physiological perturbations. Journal of bone and mineral research, 28(5), 1068-1074. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.1833

Inder, J. D., Carlson, D. J., Dieberg, G., MacFarlane, J. R., Hess, N. C., & Smart, N. A. (2016). Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis to optimize benefit. Hypertension Research, 39(2), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1038/hr.2015.111

Janssen, I., Shepard, D. S., Katzmarzyk, P. T., & Roubenoff, R. (2004). The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52(1), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x

Jeukendrup, A. E., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (1998a). Fat metabolism during exercise: a review. Part I: fatty acid mobilization and muscle metabolism. International journal of sports medicine, 19(4), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971911

Jeukendrup, A. E., Saris, W. H. M., & Wagenmakers, A. J. M. (1998b). Fat metabolism during exercise: A review-Part II: Regulation of metabolism and the effects of training. International journal of sports medicine, 19(5), 293-302. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-971921

Kalyani, R. R., Corriere, M., & Ferrucci, L. (2014). Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. The lancet Diabetes & endocrinology, 2(10), 819-82.9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70034-8

Kamiya, K., Masuda, T., Tanaka, S., Hamazaki, N., Matsue, Y., Mezzani, A... Ako, J. (2015). Quadriceps strength as a predictor of mortality in coronary artery disease. The American journal of medicine, 128(11), 1212-1219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.06.035

Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., Taylor, H. L., Simonson, E… Wells, S. M. (1950). The Biology of Human Starvation. Minneapolis: Univ. Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/10.5749/j.ctv9b2tqv

Kurillo, G., Zupan, A., & Bajd, T. (2004). Force tracking system for the assessment of grip force control in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Clinical Biomechanics, 19(10), 1014-1021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.07.003

Lauretani, F., Russo, C. R., Bandinelli, S., Bartali, B., Cavazzini, C., Di Iorio, A... Ferrucci, L. (2003). Age-associated changes in skeletal muscles and their effect on mobility: an operational diagnosis of sarcopenia. Journal of applied physiology, 95(5), 1851-1860. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00246.2003

Laurson, K. R., Saint-Maurice, P. F., Welk, G. J., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2017). References curves for field tests of musculoskeletal fitness in U.S. Children and adolescents: The 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 31(8), 2075-2082. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001678

Leong, D. P., Teo, K. K., Rangarajan, S., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Avezum Jr, A., Orlandini, A... Ysuf, S. (2015). Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. The Lancet, 386(9990), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62000-6

Massy-Westropp, N., Rankin, W., Ahern, M., Krishnan, J., & Hearn, T. C. (2004). Measuring grip strength in normal adults: reference ranges and a comparison of electronic and hydraulic instruments. The Journal of hand surgery, 29(3), 514-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2004.01.012

Mathiowetz, V., Weber, K., Vollan,d G., & Kashman, N. (1984). Reliability and validity of grip and pinch strength evaluations. The Journal of hand surgery, 9(2), 222-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-5023(84)80146-X

McGowan, C. L., Proctor, D. N., Swaine, I., Brook, R. D., Jackson, E. A., & Levy, P. D. (2017). Isometric handgrip as an adjunct for blood pressure control: a primer for clinicians. Current hypertension reports, 19(6), 51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0748-8

McLeod, M., Breen, L., Hamilton, D. L., & Philp, A. (2016). Live strong and prosper: the importance of skeletal muscle strength for healthy ageing. Biogerontology, 17(3), 497-510. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-015-9631-7

Newman, A. B., Kupelian, V., Visser, M., Simonsick, E. M., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B... Harris, T. B. (2006). Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the health, aging and body composition study cohort. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 61(1), 72-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/61.1.72

Nimmo, M. A., Leggate, M., Viana, J. L., & King, J. A. (2013). The effect of physical activity on mediators of inflammation. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 15(s3), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12156

Ortega, F. B., Silventoinen, K., Tynelius, P., & Rasmussen, F. (2012). Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants. Bmj, 345, 7279. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7279

Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological reviews, 88(4), 1379-1406. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.90100.2007

Pedersen, B. K. (2010). Muscle-to-fat interaction: a two-way street?. J Physiol., 588(Pt1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2009.184747

Pedersen, B. K. (2011). Muscles and their myokines. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(2), 337-346. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.048074

Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2012). Muscles, exercise and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 8(8), 457-465. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2012.49

Pedersen, B. K. (2013). Muscle as a secretory organ. Comprehensive Physiology, 3(3), 1337-1362. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c120033

Rio, E., Kidgell, D., Purdam, C., Gaida, J., Mosele,y G. L., Pearce, A. J., & Cook, J. (2015). Isometric exercise induces analgesia and reduces inhibition in patellar tendinopathy. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(19), 1277-1283. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2014-094386

Roubenoff, R. (2000). Sarcopenia: a major modifiable cause of frailty in the elderly. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 4(3), 140-142.

Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012). Molecular and cellular mechanism of muscle regeneration. INTECH Open Access Publisher. https://doi.org/10.5772/48229

Sasaki, H., Kasagi, F., Yamada, M., & Fujita, S. (2007). Grip strength predicts cause-specific mortality in middle-aged and elderly persons. The American journal of medicine, 120(4), 337-342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.04.018

Sayer, A. A., Syddall, H. E., Martin, H. J., Dennison, E. M., Roberts, H. C., & Cooper, C. (2006). Is grip strength associated with health-related quality of life? Findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Age and ageing, 35(4), 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afl024

Shechtman, O., Gestewitz, L., & Kimble, C. (2005). Reliability and validity of the DynEx dynamometer. Journal of hand therapy, 18(3), 339-347. https://doi.org/10.1197/j.jht.2005.04.002

Stenholm, S., Maggio, M., Lauretani, F., Bandinelli, S., Ceda, G. P., Di Iorio, A... Ferrucci, L. (2010). Anabolic and catabolic biomarkers as predictors of muscle strength decline: the InCHIANTI study. Rejuvenation research, 13(1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1089/rej.2009.0891

Strand, B. H., Cooper, R., Bergland, A., Jørgensen, L., Schirmer, H., Skirbekk, V., & Emaus, N. (2016). The association of grip strength from midlife onwards with all-cause and cause-specific mortality over 17 years of follow-up in the Tromsø Study. J Epidemiol Community Health, 70(12), 1214-1221. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206776

Sugden, P. H., & Fuller, S. J. (1991). Regulation of protein turnover in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Biochemical Journal, 273(Pt1), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2730021

Taekema, D. G., Gussekloo, J., Maier, A. B., Westendorp, R. G. J., & De Craen, J. M. (2010). Handgrip strength as a predictor of functional, psychological and social health. A prospective population-based study among the oldest old. Age and ageing, 39(3), 331-337. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq022

Van Wilgen, C. P., Akkerman, L., Wieringa, J., & Dijkstra, P. U. (2003). Muscle strength in patients with chronic pain. Clinical rehabilitation, 17(8), 885-889. https://doi.org/10.1191/0269215503cr693oa

Van Praag, H. (2009). Exercise and the brain: something to chew on. Trends in neurosciences, 32(5), 283-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2008.12.007

Visser, M., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Nevitt, M., Rubin, S. M... Harris, T. B. (2009). Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(3), 324-333. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/60.3.324

Walsh, K. (2009). Adipokines, myokines and cardiovascular disease. Circ J., 73, 13–18. https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.CJ-08-0961

Wolfe, R. R. (2006). The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 84(3), 475-482. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.3.475

Yang, X., Bi, P., & Kuang, S. (2014). Fighting obesity: When muscle meets fat. Adipocyte, 3(4), 280-289. https://doi.org/10.4161/21623945.2014.964075

Yousefi, M. R., Ahmad, N., Abbaszadeh, M. R., Rokhsati, S. (2012). The effect of isometric training on prevention of bone density reduction in injured limbs during an immobilization period. Research in Medicine, 35(4), 195-199.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.144.13





Copyright (c) 2019 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.