Email this article 
Physical activity and affect of the elderly: Contribution to the validation of the Positive and Negative Affect Shedule (PANAS) in the Portuguese population
Abstract
The concept of affect corresponds to the emotional dimension of subjective well-being (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985). It is represented by two dimensions (negative affect and positive affect), which were the basis of the development of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - PANAS (Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). It was translated and validated for the Portuguese population by Galinha and Pais-Ribeiro (2005b). Nevertheless, because the Portuguese version was not validated in a sample of Portuguese elderly, the goals of this study consisted in the translation of the scale (PANAS) from the original version of 20 items and the validation of its measurement model (including a shortened version) for a sample of Portuguese elderly (n = 311), aged 60 years or older (M = 68.53; DP = 6.69); it was then tested by a confirmatory factorial analysis. The results demonstrated that the measurement model (two factors and 10 items) of the shortened Portuguese version of the PANAS presented acceptable psychometric qualities, which adjusted to the data in a satisfactory way (factorial weights ranging between .57 and .70 in positive affect and between .52 and .68 in negative affect). We also concluded that older adults who practice more physical activity perceive higher levels of positive affect F(2, 297) = 3,78, p < .05; η2 = .025, and lower levels of negative affect F (2, 297) = 6.24, p < .001; η2 = .040).
Keywords
References
Banville, D., Desrosiers, P., & Genet-Volet, Y. (2000). Translating questionnaires and inventories using a cross-cultural translation technique. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 19, 374-387. https://doi.org/10.1123/jtpe.19.3.374
Bentler, P. (2002). EQS 6 structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software, Inc.
Byrne, B. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows. Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Byrne, B. (2006). Structural equation modeling with EQS. Basic concepts, applications, and programming (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Brislin, R. (1970). Back translation for cross-cultural research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 1, 185-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/135910457000100301
Brislin, R. (1980). Translation and content analysis for oral and written material. In H. Triandis & J. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389-444). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
Cid, L., Rosado, A., Leitão, C., & Alves, J. (2012). Tradução e Validação de Questionários em Psicologia do Desporto. In António Rosado, Isabel Mesquita, & Carlos Colaço (Eds.), Métodos e Técnicas de Investigação Qualitativa. Lisboa: Edições FMH.
Chou, C., & Bentler, P. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling. Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Craig, C., Marshall, A., Sjostrom, M., Bauman A., Booth, M., & Ainsworth, B. (2003). International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Medicine Science Sports Exercise, 35(8), 1381-95. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
Crawford, J., & Henry, J. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245-265.
Diener, E., & Chan, M. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well-being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x
Galinha, I., & Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2005a). Contribuição para o estudo da versão portuguresa da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): I – Abordagem ao conceito de afeto. Análise Psicológica, 23, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.83
Galinha, I., & Pais-Ribeiro, J. (2005b). Contribuição para o estudo da versão portuguresa da Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): II – Estudo psicométrico. Análise Psicológica, 23, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.14417/ap.84
Galinha, I., Pereira, C. R., & Esteves, F. (2013). Confirmatory factor analysis and temporal invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica, 26, 671-679. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722013000400007
Galinha, I., Pereira, C. R., & Esteves, F. (2014). Versão reduzida da escala portuguesa de afeto positivo e negativo – PANAS-VRP: Análise fatorial confirmatória e invariância temporal. Revista Psicologia, 28, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.17575/rpsicol.v28i1.622
Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., & Anderson, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Educational.
Hoyle, R., & Panter, A. (1995). Writing about structural equation models. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling. Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 158-176). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Kahn, J. (2006). Factor analysis in counseling psychology. Research, training, and practice: Principles, advances and applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(5), 684-718. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006286347
Karim, J., Weisz, R., & Rehman, S. (2011). International positive and negative affect schedule short-form (I-PANAS-SF): Testing for factorial invariance across cultures. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 2016-2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.046
Kercher, K. (1992). Assessing subjective well-being in the old--old. The PANAS as a measure of orthogonal dimensions of positive and negative affect. Research on Aging, 14, 131-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027592142001
Mackinnon, A., Jorm, A., Christensen, H., Korten, A., Jacomb, P., & Rodgers, B. (1999). A short form of the positive and negative affect schedule: Evaluation of factorial validity and invariance across demographic variables in a community sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00251-7
Mardia, K. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
Marsh, H., Hau, K., & Wen, Z. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11(3), 320-341. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2
Satorra, A., & Bentler, P. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis. In A. Eye & C. Clogg (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for development research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Solberg, P., Hopkins, W., Ommundsen, Y., & Halvari, H. (2012). Effects of three training types on vitality among older adults: A self-determination theory perspective. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 407-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.01.006
Strachan, S., Brawley, L., Spink, K., & Glazebrook, K. (2010). Older adults' physically-active identity: Relationships between social cognitions, physical activity and satisfaction with life. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11, 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.002
Tellegen, A., Watson, D., & Clark, L. (1999). On the dimensional and hierarchical structure of affect. Psychological Science, 10, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00157
Thompson, E. (2007). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38, 227-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022106297301
Tuccitto, D. E., Giacobbi, P. R., Jr., & Leite, W. L. (2010). The internal structure of positive and negative affect: A confirmatory factor analysis of the PANAS. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 70, 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164409344522
Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la recherche en langue française [Toward a methodology for the transcultural validation of psychological questionnaires: Implications for research in the French language]. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 30(4), 662–680. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079856
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual structure of mood. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219
Worthington, R., & Whittaker, T. (2006). Scale development research. A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
Zevon, M., & Tellegen, A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/ nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.111
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.152.08
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.