Effects of nutritional intake on performance in master athletes during an extreme ultra-trail
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.154.07Keywords:
Nutrient intake, Body composition, Blood glucose, Sleep, Master athlete, Ultra-trailAbstract
The purpose of our study was to monitor a well-trained master athlete who competed in the race, keeping under review his performance outcomes. TransPyrenea (La Grande Traversée des Pyrénées) is an Ultra Trail 13-16-d race, 866 km long, 53200 meters of elevation gain, performed for the first time in 2016, becoming the longest race in the world. At every checkpoint, a member of the team ascertained total macronutrients intake and body composition. A wearable device was used to monitor glycemia during all the race. The athlete completed the race with an average speed of 2.6 km/h, including 26 hours and 30 minutes of sleeping. Multiple regression analysis showed that the increase of the speed (β: 0.5 km/h, 95% CI: 0.07 | 1.02 km/h, p-value: .035 and β: 1.32 km/h, 95% CI: 0.53 | 2.11 km/h, p-value: .004) was related to the increase of one hour of sleep and one kg of weight respectively. This evidence could induce the use of specific nutritional supplements and the analysis of body composition on the management strategies of the race, with eventually the planning of a greater number of hours of sleep to acquire greater speed.
Downloads
References
Bailey T, Bode WB, Christiansen MP, Klaff LJ, Alva S. The Performance and Usability of a Factory-Calibrated Flash Glucose Monitoring System. Diabetes Technol Ther 2015; 17(11):787-794. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2014.0378
Best R, Barwick B, Best A, Berger N, Harrison C, Wright M, & Sparrow J. Changes in Pain and Nutritional Intake Modulate Ultra-Running Performance: A Case Report. Sports 2018; 6(4):111. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6040111
Borges N, Reaburn P, Driller M, Argus C. Age-related changes in performance and recovery kinetics in masters athletes: a narrative review. Journal of aging and physical activity 2016; 24(1):149-157. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2015-0021
Brisswalter J, Louis J. Vitamin supplementation benefits in master athletes. Sports Medicine 2014;44(3):311-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-013-0126-x
Burke L. Training and competition nutrition. Practical Sports Nutrition 2007; 1-26.
Burke LM, Hawley JA, Wong SH, Jeukendrup AE. Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of sports sciences 2011; 29(suppl 1):17-27.
Buxton OM, Pavlova M, Reid EW, Wang W, Simonson DC, Adler GK. Sleep Restriction for 1 Week Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men. Diabetes 2010; 59. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-0699
Chiampas GT, Goyal AV. Innovative Operations Measures and Nutritional Support for Mass Endurance Events. Sports Medicine 2015; 45(1):61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0396-6
Costa RJ, Teixeira A, Rama L, Swancott AJ, Hardy LD, Lee B, Barrett E. Water and sodium intake habits and status of ultra-endurance runners during a multi-stage ultra-marathon conducted in a hot ambient environment: an observational field based study. Nutrition journal 2013; 12(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-13
Costa RJ, Snipe R, Camões-Costa V, Scheer V, Murray A. The impact of gastrointestinal symptoms and dermatological injuries on nutritional intake and hydration status during ultramarathon events. Sports medicine-open 2016; 2(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0041-9
Costa RJS, Hoffman MD, Stellingwerff T. Considerations for ultra-endurance activities: part 1- nutrition.Res Sports Med 2018; 28:1-16.
Cugliari G, Boccia G. Core muscle activation in suspension training exercises. Journal of human kinetics 2017; 56(1):61-71. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0023
Cugliari G, Messina F, Canavero V, Biorci F, Ivaldi M. Relationship of chlorophyll supplement and platelet-related measures in endurance athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Sport Sciences for Health 2018; 1-6.
Fullagar HHK, Skorski S, Duffield R, Hammes D, Coutts AJ, Meyer T. Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise. Sports Medicine 2015; 45: 161-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0
Gennaro F, De Bruin ED. Assessing Brain–Muscle Connectivity in Human Locomotion through Mobile Brain/Body Imaging: Opportunities, Pitfalls, and Future Directions. Frontiers in public health 2018; 26:6-39. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00039
Hoffman MD, Ong JC, Wang G. Historical analysis of participation in 161 km ultramarathons in North America. The International journal of the history of sport 2010; 27(11):1877-1891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2010.494385
Ivaldi M, Cugliari G, Peracchione S, Rainoldi A. Familiarity affects electrocortical power spectra during dance imagery, listening to different music genres: independent component analysis of Alpha and Beta rhythms. Sport Sciences for Health. 2017; 13(3):535-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-017-0379-0
Ivaldi M, Pretari F, Cugliari G. Electrocortical activity during stretch reflex in athletes. Sport Sciences for Health 2018; 14(3):625-631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-018-0471-0
Jeukendrup A. A Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise. Sports Med 2014; 44(Suppl 1):25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0148-z
Knechtle B, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. Age-related changes in 100-km ultra-marathon running performance. Age 2012; 34(4):1033-1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-011-9290-9
Knufinke M, Nieuwenhuys A, Maase K, Moen HM, Geurts AES, Coenen AML, Kompier AJM. Effects of Natural Between-Days Variation in Sleep on Elite Athletes’ Psychomotor Vigilance and Sport-Specific Measures of Performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2018; 17:515-524.
Kruseman M, Bucher S, Bovard M, Kayser B, Bovier PA. Nutrient intake and performance during a mountain marathon: an observational study. European journal of applied physiology 2005; 94(1-2):151-157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1234-y
Learsi SK, Ghiarone T, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Andrade-Souza VA, Ataide-Silva T, Bertuzzi R, de Araujo GG, McConell G, Lima-Silva AE. Cycling TT performance is improved by carbohydrate ingestion during exercise regardless of a fed or fasted state. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 23. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13393
Louis J, Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Vitamin and mineral supplementation effect on muscular activity and cycling efficiency in master athletes. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 2010; 35(3):251-260. https://doi.org/10.1139/h10-014
Martinez S, Aguilo A, Rodas L, Lozano L, Moreno C, Tauler P. Energy, macronutrient and water intake during a mountain ultramarathon event: The influence of distance. Journal of Sports Sciences 2017; 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1306092
Nikolaidis PT, Veniamakis E, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Review. Nutrition in Ultra-Endurance: State of the Art. Nutrients 2018; 10:1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121995
Oliver SJ, Costa RJ, Laing SJ, Bilzon JL, Walsh NP. One night of sleep deprivation decreases treadmill endurance performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. Sep 2009; 107(2):155-61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1103-9
Paulin S, Roberts J, Roberts Mand Davis I. A case study evaluation of competitors undertaking an antarctic ultra-endurance event: nutrition, hydration and body composition variables. Extreme Physiology & Medicine 2015; 4:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13728-015-0022-0
Piacentini MF, De Ioannon G, Cibelli G, Mignardi S, Antonelli A, Capranica L. Training for a 78-km solo open water swim. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness 2017; 57(6):790-793.
Punjabi NM, Shahar E, Redline S, Gottlieb DJ, Givelber R, Resnick HE. Sleep Heart Health Study Investigators. Sleep-disordered breathing, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance: the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 160(6):521-30. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh261
Rae DE, Chin T, Dikgomo K, Hill L, McKune AJ, Kohn TA, Roden LC. One night of partial sleep deprivation impairs recovery from a single exercise training session.European Journal of Applied Physiology 2017; 117:699-712. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-017-3565-5
Schwartz J, Simon RD. Sleep extension improves serving accuracy: A study with college varsity tennis players. Physiology & Behavior 2015; 151:541-544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.08.035
Shoak MA, Knechtle B, Knechtle P, Rüst CA, Rosemann T, Lepers R. Participation and performance trends in ultracycling. Open access journal of sports medicine 2013; 4:41. https://doi.org/10.2147/oajsm.s40142
Tonacci A, Mrakic-Sposta S, Ujka K, Sansone F, Ferrisi A, Giardini G, Conte R, Pratali L. Neurosensory and Cognitive Modifications in Europe's Toughest RandoRaid Competition: the Transpyrénéa Extreme Study. Frontiers in physiology 2017; 8:201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00201
Zaryski C, Smith DJ. Training principles and issues for ultra-endurance athletes. Curr. Sports Med 2005; 4(1):65-170. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.csmr.0000306201.49315.73
Zaryski C, Smith DJ. Training principles and issues for ultra‐endurance athletes. Current sports medicine reports 2005; 4(3):165-170. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.csmr.0000306201.49315.73
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
