Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions on doping among university students in physical education and sport science related degree programmes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.161.16Keywords:
Performance enhancing substance, Sports related courses, Student athletesAbstract
Doping cases have in the recent past (second decade of 21st century) tainted the Kenyan athletes’ dominance in long distance running. The purpose of this study was to examine the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions (KAP) on doping among university students pursuing sport related courses. It was postulated that KAP on doping will be mediated by year of study, age, gender, sporting experience and degree programme. Data were collected through self-administered questionnaires from university students (n = 179) drawn from four universities that offer sport-related courses in Kenya. Results revealed that there were significant differences between year of study (first vs fourth) in knowledge on performance enhancing substance (PES) (Mean Ranks; 68.16 vs 94.22, p = .013) and perceptions about doping (109.98 vs 86.14, p = .023). Sport Science and Health Promotion students showed significantly higher scores on attitudes towards doping (p = .003) than those in Physical Education courses. There were significant differences (p < .05) in KAP on doping in favour of those students who had previous participation in sport competitions. It is concluded that KAP of university students on doping is differentiated based on the selected variables of year and programme of study, and previous participation in sport competitions. It is recommended that the unpacking of doping education should take these variables into consideration. Universities need to partner with anti-doping agencies to expose students to both theoretical and practical applications of doping knowledge. Further investigation in needed on the possible factors that contribute to less negative perceptions with higher knowledge on doping among university students.
Downloads
References
Adegboyega, J.A. (2014). Prevalence and Psychosocial Factors of Illicit Drug Use among Nigeria Elite Athletes. Am J Contempor Res, 4, 7: 142 – 148.
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Some unresolved issue. Organizational behavior and human decision process. J Exp Soc Psychol, 5:175-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t
Andrén-Sandberg, A. (2016). From the Anti-Doping Library; The History of Doping and Antidoping: A Systematic Collection of Published Scientific Literature 2000-2015. Accessed on 11th Nov 2017. http://www.rf.se/globalassets/riksidrottsforbundet-rf-antidoping/dokument/forskning-och-statistik/the-anti-doping-library-anti-doping-history.pdf
Alaranta, A., Alaranta, H., Holmila, J., Palmu, P., Pietila, K. & Helenius, I. (2006). Self-reported attitudes of elite athletes towards doping: differences between the type of sport. Int J Sports Med, 27, 842-846. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872969
Banaji, M.R. & Heiphetz, L. (2010). Attitudes. In S.T. Fiske, D.T. Gilbert and G. Lindzey (Eds). Handb Soc Psychol, 353 – 393, New York, John Wiley.
Bassoli, L., Boncinelli, S., Brizzi, L., Curci, R., Signorelli, D., Pazardjklian, L., & Pellai, A. (2004). A Survey of Physical Activity and Doping in a Sample of 6,915 student aged 14 – 18 years, Minerra Pediator, 56 (3): 317-26.
Blank, C., Brunner, J., Kreische, B., Lazzeri, M., Schobersberger, W. & Kopp, M. (2016). Performance-enhancing substance use in university students: motives, attitudes, and differences in normative beliefs, Journal of Substance Use, 22:3, 324-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2016.1208777
Blank, C., Leichtfried, V., Furhapter, C., Muller, D. & Schobersberger, W. (2014). Doping in Sports: West-Austrian sport teachers and coaches Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour. Dtsch Z sportmed, 65:289-293. https://doi.org/10.5960/dzsm.2014.133
Bondarev, D.V., Galchinskiy, V.A., Ajitskiy, K.Y., & Labskir, V.M. (2008). Doping prevalence among university students in Ukraine: A study of knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Project submitted to World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
Boit, M., Dimeo, P., Onywera, V., Theuri, G., Kiplamai F. Sigei, S., … & Cronin, L. (2015). Doping Education status in Kenya. Evaluation of Knowledge, attitudes and practice of doping among elite Kenyan athletes. Report compiled for WADA. Accessed on 10th Jan. 2018. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada-final-report-dr-dimeo.pdf
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Aiken, L.S., & West, S.G. (1999). The problem of units and the circumstance for POMP. Multivar Behav Res, 34 (3), 315-346. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3403_2
Collins, D., McNamara, A., Collins, R. & Bailey, R. (2012). Why Athletes Say No to Doping: Examining the Reasons Underpinning Athletes Decision to Dope: A Report Prepared by the Institute of Coaching and Performance. University of Central Lanchashire. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2015.09.001
Corbin, B.C., Corbin, R.C., Welk, J.G. & Lindsey, R. (2004). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness: A Comparative Lifestyle Approach, Boston: McGraw Hill.
Corluka, M., Gabrilo, G., & Blazevic, M. (2011). Doping factors, knowledge and attitudes among Bosnian and Herzegovinian football players. Kinesiologia Slovenica, 17, 3, 49–59.
Donovan, R.J., Egger, G., Kapernick,V., & Mendoza, J. (2002).A conceptual framework for achieving performance enhancing drug compliance in sport. J Sports Med, 32; 269-284. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232040-00005
Eagly, A. H. & Chaiken, J. (1993). The Psychology of attitudes. Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers.
Fung, L. & Yuang,Y. (2006). Performance enhancement drugs: Knowledge, attitude and intended behavior among community coaches in Hong Kong. Sport J, 9 (June 7, 2006).
Gambaccini, P. (2015). New Documentary Alleges Widespread Russian, Kenyan Doping. Accessed on 11th Nov. 2017. https://www.runnersworld.com/elite-runners/new-documentary-alleges-widespread-russian-kenyan-doping
Government of Kenya [GOK]. (2014). Anti-doping taskforce; Final report submitted to the Cabinet Secretary Ministry of Sports, Culture and the Arts on 7th April, 2014.
Jalleh, G. & Donovan, R.J. (2007). Survey of Australian elite athletes’ attitudes towards sport issue. Perth, Australia: Social Marketing Unit, School of Marketing, Curtin University.
Kamenju, W.J. (2014). Influences of sports disciplines and demographic of Kenya’s College athletes on their awareness, perception and altitude to performance enhancing substance use (PhD Thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Kirby, K., Moran, R., Guerin, S. & Macintyre, T. (2008).Cheating and Doping in Sport: An Analysis of Relevant Psychological Variables. Conference on Ethics and Social Science Research in Anti-Doping. Larmaca, Cyprus, April 2006.
Kindlundh, A.M., Isaacson, D.G., Berglund, L., & Ngberg, F. (1998).Doping among high school students in Uppsala, Sweden: A presentation of the attitudes, distubation, side effects and extent of use. Scand J Public Healt, 26 (1), 71 – 74. https://doi.org/10.1177/14034948980260010201
Kumar, N. & Jyoti, R. (2013). A study of perception by university students towards doping in Haryana, India. Res J Physic Educ Sci, 1 (1): 2 – 6.
Lorente, F.O. (2003). Substance use: gender differences among French sport science students. Int J Drug pol, 14 (3): 269-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-3959(03)00076-8
Lubna, H.T., Noor, H.M., Almuthana, A., Iman, M.H., Maher, Y.A. & Sales R.Y (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic – Androgenic steroid abuse among Jordanian College students and athletes. Eur J Public Health, 10: 1062 – 1073.
Lucidi, F., Zelli, A., Mall, L., Grano C., Russe, P.M. & Violani, C. (2008). The social-cognitive mechanisms regulating adolescents' use of doping substances, Journal of Sports Sciences, 26:5, 447-456, https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701579370
Lucidi, F., Grano, C., Leon, L., Lombardo, C. & Pesce, C. (2004). Determinants of the intention to use doping substances: an empirical contribution in a sample of Italian adolescents. Int J Sport Psychol, 5, 133 -148.
Masato, T., Yukitoshi, T. & Tosihiko, K. (2013). An investigation of the attitudes of Japanese PE university students towards doping in sport. J Sport Med Dop Stud, 3:1-6.
Melia, P., Pipe, A. & Greehberg, L. (1996). The Use of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids by Canadian students. Clin J Sport Med, 6 (1), 9 – 14.
Molebe, I.D. (2012). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Drug Abuse among Sports Men and Women in Lagos Stage. Int J Med Medic Sci, 2 (3): 77 – 85.
Moran, A., Guerin, S. & Kirby, K. (2008). The development and validation of a doping attitude and behaviour scale. Report submitted to the World Anti-doping Agency (WADA).
Nabiswa, C. (2016). Here are the top Kenyan athletes who got banned for doping. Retrieved 11th Nov. 2017. http://nairobinews.nation.co.ke/news/here-are-the-top-kenyan-athletes-who-got-banned-for-doping/
Nolte, K., Steyn, B.J.M., Kruger, P.E. & Fletcher, L. (2014). Doping in Sport: Attitudes, Beliefs and Knowledge of Competitive High-School Athletes in Gauteng Province. S Afric J Sport Med, 26 (3): 81 -86. https://doi.org/10.7196/sajsm.542
Parlovic, R. & Idrizovic, K. (2013). Attitudes of students of Physical Education and Sport about Doping in sport. Physic Educ Sport, 11, (1): 103 – 113.
Parlovic, R. & Pupils, M. (2013). Student attitude and knowledge of Physical Education and Sport on the use of Doping in Sport. Sport Sci, 6 (2): 21 – 28.
Papadopoulos, F.C., Skalkidis, I., Parkkari, J., & Petridou, E. (2006). Doping use among tertiary education students in six developed countries. Eur J Epidemiol, 21(4): 307-313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-006-0018-6
Peretti-Watel, P., Guagliarddo, V., Mignon, P., Pruvost, J., & Obadia, Y. (2004). Attitude Towards Doping and Recreational Drug Use among French Elite Student-Athletes. Sociol Sport J, 21: 1 – 17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.21.1.1
Peter, R.J., Adams, L.F., Barnes, J.B., Hines, L.A., Jones, D.E., Krebs, K.M. & Keider, S.H. (2005) Beliefs and Social Norms about Ephedra Onset and Perceived Addiction among College Male and Female Athletes. Subst Use Misuse, 40: 125 – 135. https://doi.org/10.1081/ja-200030517
Petroczi, A. (2007). Attitudes and doping. A structural equation analysis of the relationship between athlete’s attitudes, sport orientation and doping behaviour. Subst Abuse Treatm Prev Pol, 2:34.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597x-2-34
Petroczi, A., Aidman, E. & Nepusz, T. (2008). Capturing doping attitudes by self-report declarations and implicit assessment: A methodology study. Subst Abuse Treatm Prev Pol, 3(9):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597x-3-9
Petroczi, A. & Aidman, E. (2009). Measuring explicit attitude toward doping: Review of the psychometric properties of the performance enhancement attitude scale. Psychol Sport Exerc, 10, 390-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.11.001
Sanchez, J. M., March, M. M. & Zabala M. (2013). Attitude towards Doping in Spanish Sport Sciences University Students According to the Type of Sport Practiced: Individual versus Team Sports. Sci & Sports, 30, (2), 96–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2014.05.002
Schneider, D. & Morris, J. (1993). College athletes and drug testing: Attitudes and behaviours by gender and sport. J Athl Training, 28(2), 146-150.
Shaughnessy, J., Zechmeister, E. &Zechmeister, J. (2003). Research Methods in Psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Sigei, C. (2014). Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes and practices on doping among elite middle and long distance runners in Kenya (Ph.D Thesis). Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.
Singhammer, J. (2012). Age and Gender Specific Variations in Attitudes to Performance Enhancing Drugs and Methods. A Cross-Sectional Study. Sport Science Review, XXI(5-6), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10237-012-0017-3
Strelan, P. & Boeckmann, R.J. (2003). A new mode for understanding performance enhancing drugs use by elite athletes. J Appl Psychol, 15:176-183.
Tahtamouni, L.H., Mustafa, N.H., Alfaouri, A.A., Hassan, I.M., Abdalla, M.Y. & Yasin, S.R. (2008). Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse among Jordan collegiate students and athletes. Eur J Public Health, 18 (6), 661-665. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckn062
Vangrunderbeek, H. & Tolleneer, J. (2010). Student attitudes toward doping in sport: Shifting from repression to tolerance? Int Rev Sociol Sport, 46 (3): 346 – 357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690210380579
Wiefferink, C.H., Detmar, S.B., Coumans, B., Vogels, T. & Paulussen, T.G.W. (2007). Social psychological determinants of the use of performance – enhancing drugs by gym users. Health Educ Res, 23(1):70-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cym004
Wuest, D.A., & Bucher, C.A. (1999). Foundations of Physical Education and Sport. New York: WCB/McGraw-Hill.
Zelli, A., Lucidi, C., & Mallia, L. (2010). The relationship among adolescents drive for muscularity, drive for thinness, doping attitudes and doping intention. J Clinic Sport Psychol, 4:39-52. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.1.39
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
