Post activation potentiation (PAP) and its application in the development of speed and explosive strength in female soccer players: A review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.161.11Keywords:
Explosive strength, Complex training, Female athletes, Sports performanceAbstract
The presented review presents the results of current research on the use of PAP during resistance training of soccer players. Researchers who have examined the mechanism behind PAP following complex strength training, have established a relationship between post-activation potentiation and improvements in speed and explosive strength of athletes. Most of the presented papers in this review have confirmed the effectiveness of PAP in eliciting performance in tasks requiring speed, jumping ability and agility in soccer players. These studies were discussed in detail in terms of research groups, methods, training means and study results. Many of these publications have also considered the aspect of rest intervals between the conditioning exercise and the subsequent explosive activity. Most authors indicate the necessity to individualize the time of the rest interval, depending on the athletes training status, strength level and most of all on the intensity and volume of the conditioning exercise. Some scientists have also attempted to incorporate PAP into warm-up protocols, especially prior to speed and power training sessions. A two-way analysis of the impact of PAP, separately on sprint speed and power of the players. The focus was on demonstrating the positive or negative impact of activating exercises on the two variables discussed. The last part of the paper presents the conclusions drawn based on the results of the studies and suggests the objectives of future research. Most publications have documented the results for male participants, whereas little data is available regarding the use of PAP in female soccer players.
Funding
The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, PolandDownloads
References
Alves JM, Rebelo AN, Abrantes C, Sampaio J. (2010). Short-term effects of complex and contrast training in soccer players vertical jump, sprint and agility abilities. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(4), 936-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c7c5fd
Bangsbo J. (1994). The physiology of soccer with special reference to intense intermittent exercise. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 619, 1-155.
Chatzopoulos Dimitris E., Charalambos J . Michailidis, Athanasios K. Giannakos, Kostas C. Alexiou, Dimitrios A. Patikas, Christos B . Antonopoulos, Christos M. Kotzamaividis (2007). Postactivation potentiation effects after heavy resistance exercise on running speed. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(4), 1278-1281.
Chelly M. S., Fathloun M., Cherif N., Ben Amar M., Tabka Z., Van Praagh E. (2009). Effects of a back squat training program on leg power, jump, and sprint performances in junior soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23, 2241-9. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b86c40
Chen Z. R., Lo S. L., Wang M. H., Yu C. F., Peng H. T. (2017). Can Different Complex Training Improve the Individual Phenomenon of Post-Activation Potentiation? Journal of Human Kinetics, 12(56), 167-175.
Chycki J., Golas A., Halz M., Maszczyk A., Toborek M., Zajac A. (2018). Chronic Ingestion of Sodium and Potassium Bicarbonate, with Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium Citrate Improves Anaerobic Performance in Elite Soccer Players. Nutrients, 1, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10111610
Gago P., Arndt A., Ekblom M. (2017). Post Activation Potentation of the Plantarflexors: implications of knee angle variation. Journal of Human Kinetics, 57, 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0044
Golas A., Maszczyk A., Zając A., Mikołajec K., Stastny P. (2016). Optimizing post activation potentiation for explosive activities in competitive sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 52, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0197
Golas A., Wilk M., Stastny P., Maszczyk A., Pajerska K., Zając A. (2017a). Optimizing half squat post activation potential load in squat jump training for eliciting relative maximal power in ski jumpers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31, 3010-3017.
Golas A., Zwierzchowska A., Maszczyk A., Wilk M., Stastny P., Zając A. (2017b). Neuromuscular control during the bench press movement in an elite disabled and able-bodied athlete. Journal of Human Kinetics, 60, 209-215.
Golas A., Maszczyk A., Wilk M., Stastny P., Strońska K., Studencki M., Zając A. (2018). Muscular activity patterns of female and male athletes during the flat bench press. Biology of Sport, 35, 2, 175-179.
García-Pinillos F., Martínez-Amat A., Hita-Contreras F., Martínez-López E. J., Latorre-Román P. A. (2014). Effects of a contrast training program without external load on vertical jump, kicking speed, sprint, and agility of young soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(9), 2452-2456. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000452
Herzog W., Schappacher G., DuVall M., Herzog J. A. (2016). Residual force enhancement following eccentric contractions: a new mechanism involving titin. Physiology (Bethesda), 31(4), 300-12. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00049.2014
Hodgson M., Docherty D., Robbins D. (2005). Post-Activation Potentiation Underlying Physiology and Implications for Motor Performance. Sports Medicine, 35(7), 585-595. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535070-00004
Dello Iacono A., Seitz L .B. (2018). Hip thrust-based PAP effects on sprint performance of soccer players: heavy-loaded versus optimum-power development protocols. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(20), 2375-2382.
Krol H., Golas A. (2017). Effect of Barbell Weight on the Structure of the Flat Bench Press. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(5), 1321-1337. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001816
Low D., Harsley P., Peart D., Shaw M. (2015). The effect of heavy resistance exercise on repeated sprint performance in youth athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(10), 1028-1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.979857
Nealer A. L., Dunnick D. D., Malyszek K. K., Wong M. A., Costa P. B., Coburn J. W., Brown L. E. (2017). Influence of rest intervals after assisted sprinting on bodyweight sprint times in female collegiate soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(1), 88-94. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001677
Mola J., Bruce-Low S., Burnet S. (2013). Optimal recovery time for post-activation potentation in professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(6), 1529-1537. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000313
Nickerson B., Mangine G., Williams T., Martinez I. (2018). Effect of cluster set warm-up configurations on sprint performance in collegiate male soccer players. Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism, 43(6), 625-630. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0610
Requena B, Sáez-Sáez de Villarreal E., Gapeyeva H., Ereline J., García I., Pääsuke M. (2011). Relationship between postactivation Potentiation of knee extensor muscles, Sprinting and vertical jumping performance In professional soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(2), 367-373. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181be31aa
Rhibi F., Ghram A., Pagaduan J., Selami M., Abderrahmann A. B. (2017). Short-term maximal performance depend on post-activation potentation stimuli type and recovery period. Sport Sciences for Health, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-017-0408-z
Sale D., (2004). Postactivation potentiation: role in performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2004, 38, 386-387. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2002.003392
Stieg J., Faulkinbury K. J., Brown L. E., Coburn J. W., Judelson D. A. (2011). Acute effects of depth jump volume on vertical jump performance in collegiate women soccer players. Kinsiology, 43(10), 25-30.
Sygulla K. S., Fountaine J. F. (2014). Acute post-activation potentation effects in NCAA Division II Female Athletes. International Journal of Exercise Science, 7(3), 212-219.
Till K. A., Cooke C. (2009). The effects of postactivation potentation on sprint and jump performance of male academy soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(7), 1960-1967. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b8666e
Tillin Neale A., Bishop D. (2009). Factors Modulating Post-Activation Potentiation and its Effect on Performance of Subsequent Explosive Activities. Sports Medicine, 39(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939020-00004
Titton A., Franchini E. (2017). Postactivation potentation in elite young soccer players. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 3(2), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734912.456
Tsimachidis C., Patikas D., Galazoulas Ch., Bassa E., Kotzamandis Ch. (2013). The post-activation potentation effect on sprint performance after combined resistant/sprint training in junior basketball players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(10), 1117-1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.771817
Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Gepfert M, Poprzecki S, Gołaś A, Maszczyk A. (2018). Technical and training related aspects of resistance training using blood flow restriction in competitive sport - A review. Journal of Human Kinetics, 31(65), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0101
Wilk M., Gołaś A., Krzysztofik M., Nawrocka M., Zając A. (2019) The effects of eccentric cadence on power and velocity of the bar during the concentric phase of the bench press movement. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine,18, 191-197.
Wilk M., Gepfert M., Krzysztofik M., Gołaś A., Mostowik A., Maszczyk A., Zając A. (2019b). The influence of grip width on training volume during the bench press with different movement tempos. Journal of Human Kinetics, 68, 131-140.
Vanderka M., Krcmar M., Longova K., Walker S. (2015). Acute effects of loaded half-squat jumps on sprint running speed in track and field athletes and soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 30(6), 1540-1546. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001259
Yetter M., Moir G. L. (2008). The acute effects of heavy back and front squats on speed during forty-meter sprint trials. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(1), 159-65. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31815f958d
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
