The impact of an extracurricular outdoor physical activity program on long-term memory in adolescent during COVID-19 pandemic
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.Proc3.28Keywords:
Exercise, Cognitive functioning, Physical education, Aerobic exerciseAbstract
The present study examined the effects of an 8-week extracurricular outdoor physical activity program aimed to improve long-term memory performance in adolescent concerning the Covid-19 period. Participants were 40 schoolchildren (aged 16-17) who trained twice a week in aerobic exercise two hours per session, randomly assigned to participate in either an extracurricular outdoor physical activity program (EG; n = 20) or a waitlist control group (CG; n = 20). At baseline and after training we administered the Verbal Paired Associates (VPA-I) a subtest of the Wechsler Memory Scale – IV (WMS-IV, 2009), which represents one of the most widely used instruments for assessing explicit episodic memory performance. The results suggested that after 8-week aerobic exercise program students were able to increase their long-term memory, and that this capacity was more evident following physical activity that required greater cognitive involvement.
Funding
No sources of funding were used to assist in the preparation of this manuscriptDownloads
References
Alam, M.J., Kitamura, T., Saitoh, Y., Ohkawa, N., Kondo, T., & Inokuchi, K. (2018). Adult Neurogenesis Conserves Hippocampal Memory Capacity. The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 38(31), 6854-6863. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2976-17.2018
Bekinschtein, P., Oomen, C. A., Saksida, L.M., and Bussey, T.J., (2011). Effects of environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise on neurogenesis, learning and memory, and pattern separation: BDNF as a critical variable? Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 22(5): 536-542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.07.002
Bianco, A., Patti, A., Bellafiore, M., Battaglia, G., Sahin, F.N., Paoli, A., Cataldo, M.C., Mammina, c., & Palma, A. (2014). Group fitness activities for the elderly: an innovative approach to reduce falls and injuries. Aging clinical and experimental research, 26(2), 147-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-013-0144-4
Bidzan-Bluma, I., & Lipowska, M. (2018). Physical Activity and Cognitive Functioning of Children: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040800
Bonavolontà, V., Cataldi, S., Conenna, A., & Fischetti, F. (2021a). Linking psycho-physical profiles to different training condition during COVID-19 confinement. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 16(2proc), S000-S000. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.Proc2.57
Bonavolontà, V., Greco, F., Sabatini, U., Saavedra, F.J., Fischetti, F., Baldari, C., Guidetti, L., Vaccaro, M.G., & Emerenziani, G.P. (2021b). Effects of Ballroom Dance on Physical Fitness and Reaction Time in Experienced Middle-Aged Adults of Both Genders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 2036. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042036
Bonavolontà, V., Cataldi, S., Maci, D., & Fischetti, F. (2020). Physical activities and enjoyment during the lockdown: Effect of home-based supervised training among children and adolescents. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 1338-1343. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.15.Proc4.31
Cassilhas, R.C., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M.T. (2016). Physical exercise, neuroplasticity, spatial learning and memory. Cellular and molecular life sciences: CMLS, 73(5), 975-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-015-2102-0
Cefis, M., Prigent-Tessier, A., Quirié, A., Pernet, N., Marie, C., & Garnier, P. (2019). The effect of exercise on memory and BDNF signaling is dependent on intensity. Brain structure & function, 224(6), 1975-1985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01889-7
Cohen, J. (1992). A Power Primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
Colella, D., & d'Arando, C. (2021). Teaching styles and outdoor education to promote non-linear learning. JPES - Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 21(1), 507-513. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2021.s1054
Cooper, C., Moon, H. Y., & van Praag, H. (2018). On the Run for Hippocampal Plasticity. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 8(4), a029736. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029736
Donnelly, J.E., Hillman, C.H., Castelli, D., Etnier, J.L., Lee, S., Tomporowski, P., Lambourne, K., & Szabo-Reed, A.N. (2016). Physical Activity, Fitness, Cognitive Function, and Academic Achievement in Children: A Systematic Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(6), 1197-1222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000901
Dwyer, M.J., Pasini, M., De Dominicis, S., & Righi, E., (2020). Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(7), 1291-1294. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13710
Erickson, K.I., Hillman, C., Stillman, C.M., Ballard, R.M., Bloodgood, B., Conroy, D.E., Macko, R., Marquez, D.X., Petruzzello, S.J., Powell, K.E., & for 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee (2019). Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001936
Erickson, K.I., Voss, M.W., Prakash, R.S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L., Kim, J.S., Heo, S., Alves, H., White, S.M., Wojcicki, T.R., Mailey, E., Vieira, V.J., Martin, S.A., Pence, B.D., Woods, J.A., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A.F. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108(7), 3017-3022. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1015950108
Etnier, J.L., Wideman, L., Labban, J.D., Piepmeier, A.T., Pendleton, D.M., Dvorak, K.K., & Becofsky, K., (2016). The Effects of Acute Exercise on Memory and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF). Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 38(4), 331-340. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0335
Fischetti, F., Cataldi, S., & Greco, G. (2019a). A combined plyometric and resistance training program improves fitness performance in 12 to 14-years-old boys. Sport Sciences for Health, 15(3), 615-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-019-00560-2
Fischetti, F., Cataldi, S., & Greco, G. (2019b). Lower-limb plyometric training improves vertical jump and agility abilities in adult female soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(2), 1254-1261. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.02182
Fischetti, F., Greco, G., Cataldi, S., Minoia, C., Loseto, G., & Guarini, A., (2019). Effects of physical exercise intervention on psychological and physical fitness in lymphoma patients. Medicina (Lithuania), 55(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55070379
Fleshner, M. (2000). Exercise and neuroendocrine regulation of antibody production: protective effect of physical activity on stress-induced suppression of the specific antibody response. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 21(suppl 1):S14-S19. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2000-1454
Fu, Y., Zhang, Y., & Yuan, Q., (2017). Aerobic exercise ameliorates learning and memory deficits of aging rats induced by D-galactose via promoting SYP and BNDF expression in hippocampus. In BIO Web Conf. 8: 01020. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20170801020
Greco, G., Patti, A., Cataldi, S., Iovane, A., Messina, G., & Fischetti, F. (2019). Changes in physical fitness in young female volleyball players after an 8-week in-season pilates training program. Acta Medica Mediterranea, 35(6), 3375-3381. https://doi.org/10.19193/0393-6384_2019_6_531
Hötting, K., & Röder, B. (2013). Beneficial effects of physical exercise on neuroplasticity and cognition. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 37(9 Pt B), 2243-2257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.005
Jorgensen, L.G., Nowak, M., Ide, K., Secher, N.H. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism. In: Saltin B, Boushel R, Secher N, Mitchell J, eds. Exercise and Circulation in Health and Disease. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers; 2000:113-236.
Khan, N.A., & Hillman, C.H. (2014). The relation of childhood physical activity and aerobic fitness to brain function and cognition: a review. Pediatric exercise science, 26(2), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2013-0125
Knight. Forest School and Outdoor Learning in the Early Years. SAGE Publications Ltd, 2013.
Labban, J.D., & Etnier, J.L. (2018). The Effect of Acute Exercise on Encoding and Consolidation of Long-Term Memory. Journal of sport & exercise psychology, 40(6), 336-342. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0072
Lahart, I., Darcy, P., Gidlow, C., & Calogiuri, G. (2019). The Effects of Green Exercise on Physical and Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(8), 1352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081352
Latino, F., Cataldi, S., Fischetti, F. (2021). Effects of a Coordinative Ability Training Program on Adolescents' Cognitive Functioning. Frontiers In Psychology - 12, pp.1-8. ISSN:1664. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.620440
Latino, F., Greco, G., Fischetti, F., & Cataldi, S. (2019). Multilateral training improves body image perception in female adolescents. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 14(Proc4), S927-S936. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2019.14.Proc4.55
Leal, G., Bramham, C.R., & Duarte, C.B., (2017). BDNF and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity. Vitamins and hormones, 104, 153-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.vh.2016.10.004
Lesser, I.A., & Nienhuis, C.P. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(11), 3899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113899
Loprinzi, P.D., McRaney, K., Luca, K., & McDonald, A. (2019). Exercise and Episodic Specificity Induction on Episodic Memory Function. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 55(8), 422. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080422
Loprinzi, P.D., Moore, D., & Loenneke, J.P. (2020). Does Aerobic and Resistance Exercise Influence Episodic Memory through Unique Mechanisms?. Brain sciences, 10(12), 913. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10120913
McEwen, S.C., Siddarth, P., Rahi, B., Kim, Y., Mui, W., Wu, P., Emerson, N.D., Lee, J., Greenberg, S., Shelton, T., Kaiser, S., Small, G.W., & Merrill, D.A. (2018). Simultaneous Aerobic Exercise and Memory Training Program in Older Adults with Subjective Memory Impairments. Journal of Alzheimer's disease: JAD, 62(2), 795-806. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170846
Morano, M., Robazza, C., Ruiz, M. C., Cataldi, S., Fischetti, F., & Bortoli, L. (2020). Gender-typed sport practice, physical self-perceptions, and performance-related emotions in adolescent girls. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(20), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208518
Notarnicola, A., Vicenti, G., Fischetti, F., Laricchia, L., Guastamacchia, R., Tafuri, S., & Moreti, B. (2012). Improved mental representation of space in beginner orienteers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(1), 250-260. https://doi.org/10.2466/03.04.11.PMS.114.1.250-260
Park, S., Kim, B., & Lee, J. (2020). Social Distancing and Outdoor Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea: Implications for Physical Distancing Strategies. Asia-Pacific journal of public health, 32(6-7), 360-362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520940929
Patti, A., Zangla, D., Sahin, F. N., Cataldi, S., Lavanco, G., Palma, A., & Fischetti, F. (2021). Physical exercise and prevention of falls. effects of a pilates training method compared with a general physical activity program: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine, 100(13), e25289. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025289
Pesce, C., Crova, C., Cereatti, L., Casella, R., & Bellucci, M. (2009). Physical activity and mental performance in preadolescents: Effects of acute exercise on free-recall memory. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 2(1), 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2009.02.001
Pinho, C. S., Caria, A., Aras Júnior, R., & Pitanga, F. (2020). The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of physical fitness. Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992), 66Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 34-37. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.S2.34
Pyke, W., Ifram, F., Coventry, L., Sung, Y., Champion, I., & Javadi, A.H. (2020). The effects of different protocols of physical exercise and rest on long-term memory. Neurobiology of learning and memory, 167, 107128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107128
Raiola, G., Aliberti, S., Esposito, G., Altavilla, G., D'Isanto, T., & D'Elia, F., (2020). How has the Practice of Physical Activity Changed During the COVID-19 Quarantine? A Preliminary Survey. Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ, 20 (4), 242-247. https://doi.org/10.17309/tmfv.2020.4.07
Roberts, C. E., Phillips, L. H., Cooper, C. L., Gray, S., & Allan, J. L. (2017). Effect of Different Types of Physical Activity on Activities of Daily Living in Older Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of aging and physical activity, 25(4), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.2016-0201
Saucedo Marquez, C.M., Vanaudenaerde, B., Troosters, T., & Wenderoth, N., (2015). Highintensity interval training evokes larger serum BDNF levels compared with intense continuous exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 119(12): 1363-1373. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00126.2015
Schmidt-Kassow, M., Schädle, S., Otterbein, S., Thiel, C., Doehring, A., Lötsch, J., and Kaiser, J. 2012. Kinetics of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor following low-intensity versus high-intensity exercise in men and women. Neuroreport, 23(15): 889-893. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNR.0b013e32835946ca
Singh, A.S., Saliasi, E., van den Berg, V., Uijtdewilligen, L., de Groot, R., Jolles, J., Andersen, L.B., Bailey, R., Chang, Y.K., Diamond, A., Ericsson, I., Etnier, J.L., Fedewa, A.L., Hillman, C.H., McMorris, T., Pesce, C., Pühse, U., Tomporowski, P.D., & Chinapaw, M., (2019). Effects of physical activity interventions on cognitive and academic performance in children and adolescents: a novel combination of a systematic review and recommendations from an expert panel. British journal of sports medicine, 53(10), 640-647. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098136
Suwabe, K., Hyodo, K., Byun, K., Ochi, G., Fukuie, T., Shimizu, T., Kato, M., Yassa, M. A., & Soya, H. (2017). Aerobic fitness associates with mnemonic discrimination as a mediator of physical activity effects: evidence for memory flexibility in young adults. Scientific reports, 7(1), 5140. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-04850-y
Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J., & Depledge, M.H., (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental science & technology, 45(5), 1761-1772. https://doi.org/10.1021/es102947t
Voelcker-Rehage, C., & Niemann, C., (2013). Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 37(9 Pt B), 2268-2295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.01.028
Voss, M.W., Soto, C., Yoo, S., Sodoma, M., Vivar, C., & van Praag, H. (2019). Exercise and Hippocampal Memory Systems. Trends in cognitive sciences, 23(4), 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.006
Wechsler, D. (2009). Wechsler Memory Scale - Fourth Edition (WMS-IV) technical and interpretive manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour: at a glance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. ISBN 978-92-4-001487-9 (print version).
Williams, A.M., Davis, K., & Williams, J.G. (2000). Visual perception and action in sport. London: Spon Press. pp. 96-142.
Wray, A., Martin, G., Ostermeier, E., Medeiros, A., Little, M., Reilly, K., & Gilliland, J. (2020). Physical activity and social connectedness interventions in outdoor spaces among children and youth: a rapid review. Interventions pour favoriser l'activité physique et l'appartenance sociale chez les enfants et les jeunes dans des espaces extérieurs: revue rapide de la littérature. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention in Canada: research, policy and practice, 40(4), 104-115. https://doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.4.02
Xiang, M., Zhang, Z., & Kuwahara, K. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents' lifestyle behavior larger than expected. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 63(4), 531-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.013
Zuniga, K.E., Mueller, M., Santana, A. R., & Kelemen, W.L. (2019). Acute aerobic exercise improves memory across intensity and fitness levels. Memory (Hove, England), 27(5), 628-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2018.1546875
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
