The penalty kick accuracy in soccer: A new biomechanical approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.16.Proc4.01Keywords:
Height to width ratio (HWR), Perspective grid, Kicking accuracy, VARAbstract
The purpose of this study was to present a practical novel method to calculate the penalty kick accuracy in football. The mathematical advantage considered the ratio of the rectangle goal dimension (1:3) and equalized between horizontal axis as it longer 3 times than the vertical axis. Twelve male soccer players 16 (3) years)), height 174.7 (4.5) cm)), body mass 67.6 (5.5) kg)) volunteered to participate in this study. The players were asked to do penalty kicks where the ball is aimed at the farthest point from the centre of the target portion for shooting. The soccer goal was split into quarters at three different velocities (low, medium, and high) the calculation was conducted two times by height to width ratio (HWR) and the most common method radial error. Kinovea Software 0.8.27. were used for digitizing. The ICC demonstrated high reliability (r = .99) for digitization at the moment the ball crossed the goal line for the inter and intra-ratter reliability. There was a significant relationship between some kinematics variables of the ball and the accuracy outcome of the HWR method in the four sections of the goal (p < .05).
Funding
The Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.Downloads
References
Alcock, A., Gilleard, W., Brown, N. A. T., Baker, J., & Hunter, A. (2012). Initial ball flight characteristics of curve and instep kicks in elite women's football. J. Appl. Biomech. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 28(1), 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1123/jab.28.1.70
Ali, A., Williams, C., Hulse, M., Strudwick, A., Reddin, J., Howarth, L., McGregor, S. (2007). Reliability and validity of two tests of soccer skill. Journal of sports sciences, 25(13), 1461-1470. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410601150470
Bacvarevic, B. B., Pazin, N., Bozic, P. R., Mirkov, D., Kukolj, M., & Jaric, S. (2012). Evaluation of a Composite Test of Kicking Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(7), 1945-1952. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318237e79d
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1999). Measuring agreement in method comparison studies. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 8(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029900800204
Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Applying the right statistics: analyses of measurement studies Measurement studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 22(1), 85-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.122
Charmant, J. (2018). Kinovea (Version 0.8.27) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.kinovea.org/
Chhapola, V., Kanwal, S. K., & Brar, R. (2015). Reporting standards for Bland-Altman agreement analysis in laboratory research: a cross-sectional survey of current practice. Ann Clin Biochem, 52(Pt 3), 382-386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004563214553438
Ferraz, R. M. P., van den Tillaar, R., Pereira, A., & Marques, M. C. (2017). The effect of fatigue and duration knowledge of exercise on kicking performance in soccer players. JSHS Journal of Sport and Health Science.
Finnoff, J. T., Newcomer, K., & Laskowski, E. R. (2002). A valid and reliable method for measuring the kicking accuracy of soccer players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 5(4), 348-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1440-2440(02)80023-8
Giavarina, D. (2015). Understanding Bland Altman analysis. Biochemia medica, 25(2), 141-151. https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2015.015
Hancock, G. R., Butler, M. S., & Fischman, M. G. (1995). On the Problem of Two-Dimensional Error Scores: Measures and Analyses of Accuracy, Bias, and Consistency. Journal of Motor Behavior Journal of Motor Behavior, 27(3), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.1995.9941714
Kottner, J., Audige, L., Brorson, S., Donner, A., Gajewski, B. J., Hróbjartsson, A., . . . Streiner, D. L. (2011). Guidelines for Reporting Reliability and Agreement Studies (GRRAS) were proposed. NS International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48(6), 661-671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.01.016
Lees, A., & Nolan, L. (1998). The biomechanics of soccer: a review. Journal of sports sciences, 16(3), 211-234. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404198366740
Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., & Jaric, S. (2006). Evaluation of tests of maximum kicking performance. The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness, 46(2), 215-220.
McLean, B., & Tumilty, D. J. B. J. o. S. M. (1993). Left-right asymmetry in two types of soccer kick. 27(4), 260-262. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.27.4.260
Mirkov, D., Nedeljkovic, A., Kukolj, M., Ugarkovic, D., & Jaric, S. (2008). Evaluation of the reliability of soccer-specific field tests. J Strength Cond Res, 22(4), 1046-1050. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816eb4af
Nagasawa, Y., Demura, S., Demura, T., Matsuda, S., & Uchida, Y. (2011). Effect of differences in kicking legs, kick directions, and kick skill on kicking accuracy in soccer players. J. Quant. Anal. Sports Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1339
Puig-Diví, A., Padullés-Riu, J. M., Busquets-Faciaben, A., Padullés-Chando, X., Escalona-Marfil, C., & Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2017). Validity and Reliability of the Kinovea Program in Obtaining Angular and Distance Dimensions. Preprints. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints201710.0042.v1
Radman, I., Wessner, B., Bachl, N., Ruzic, L., Hackl, M., Baca, A., & Markovic, G. (2016). Reliability and discriminative ability of a new method for soccer kicking evaluation. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147998
Scurr, J., & Hall, B. (2009). The effects of approach angle on penalty kicking accuracy and kick kinematics with recreational soccer players. Journal of sports science & medicine, 8(2), 230-234.
Sterzing, T., Lange, J. S., Wächtler, T., Müller, C., & Milani, T. L. (2009). Velocity and Accuracy as Performance Criteria for Three Different Soccer Kicking Techniques. Paper presented at the International Conference on Biomechanics in Sports.
Ugur, F., & Mehmet, Y. (2017). Reliability and Validity of the New Shooting Accuracy Measurement (SAM) System Software. JSS Journal of Sports Science, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.17265/2332-7839/2017.03.005
van den Tillaar, R., & Ulvik, A. (2014). Influence of Instruction on Velocity and Accuracy in Soccer Kicking of Experienced Soccer Players. Journal of motor behavior, 46(5), 287-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2014.898609
Vieira, L. H. P., Cunha, S. A., Moraes, R., Barbieri, F. A., Aquino, R., Oliveira, L. d. P., . . . Santiago, P. R. P. (2018). Kicking Performance in Young U9 to U20 Soccer Players: Assessment of Velocity and Accuracy Simultaneously. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 89(2), 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2018.1439569
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.