The effect of the United Nations resolution for Olympic Truce on peace based on functionalism

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.10

Keywords:

United Nations, UN resolutions, Olympic truce, Peace, Functionalism

Abstract

The purpose of the current study is to identify if the UN resolution for Olympic Truce affects peace around the period of the Olympic Games based on functionalism. Methodologically, this study uses a diverse case technique and compares the two following cases: the first case is the Olympic Games, which did not have the UN resolution for Olympic Truce (The 1988 Seoul Summer Olympics), while the other is the Olympic Games which had the UN resolution for Olympic Truce (The 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympics). This study determines, firstly, that functional international organizations can actualize their common values (i.e., peace and human rights) and establish world order by cooperating with multiple international organizations, which is more effective than one organization behaving independently. Secondly, through the results, we have confirmed that sports can be an effective mediator in making the world peaceful with unanimous support from the international society.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adams, K. R. (2013). Structural realism: The imperialism of great power. In J. Sterling-Folker (Eds.), Making Sense of International Relations Theory (2nd ed.) (pp. 21-46). Rienner.

Alexander, K. (2009). Economic sanctions. Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230227286

Bates, M. (2010). Olympic and Paralympic games 2012: Olympic truce. UK Parliament. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2010-12-15/debates/10121533000862/OlympicAndParalympicGames2012OlympicTruce

Bennett, C. J. (1991), What is policy convergence and what causes it? British Journal of Political Science. 21(2), 215-233. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123400006116

Berlinger, J. & Seo, Y. (2018). North and South Korea commit to era of no war. CNN. Retrieved November, 10, 2019, from https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/18/asia/north-korea-south-korea-summit-intl/index.html

Bevir, M. (2007). Encyclopedia of governance. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412952613

Burleson, C. (2012). The ancient Olympic truce in modern-day peacekeeping: Revisiting Ekecheiria. Sport in Society, 15(6), 798-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2012.708282

Cárdenas, A. (2016). Sport and peace-building in divided societies: A case study on Colombia and Northern Ireland. Peace and Conflict Studies, 23(2), 4.

Carswell, A. J. (2013). Unblocking the UN security council: The uniting for peace resolution. Journal of Conflict and Security Law, 18(3), 453-480. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krt016

Cha, V. D. (2002). Hawk engagement and preventive defense on the Korean Peninsula. International Security, 27(1), 40-78. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228802320231226

Ching, N., & Seldin, J. (2020). US military dismisses threat from latest North Korean missile test. Voice of America. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/us-military-dismisses-threat-latest-north-korean-missile-test

Choe, S., & Sanger, D. E. (2019). Hours after agreeing to resume talks, North Korea launches missile. The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/world/asia/us-north-korea-nuclear-talks.html

Crossman, J., & Lappage, R. (1992). Canadian athletes' perceptions of the 1980 Olympic boycott. Sociology of Sport Journal, 9(4), 354-371. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.9.4.354

Dahlby, T. (1981). Award of 1988 Olympics boosts S. Korea's effort for political security. The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/10/04/award-of-1988-olympics-boosts-s-koreas-effort-for-political-security/2db0f29f-29cd-4581-8771-2f08c225181f/?utm_term=.a8390fdf5557

Diehl, P. F. (1993). Institutional alternatives to traditional UN peacekeeping: An assessment of regional and multinational options. Armed Forces & Society, 19(2), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9301900204

Diehl, F., Reifschneider, J., & Hensel, P. R. (1996). United Nations intervention and recurring conflict. International Organization, 50(4), 683-700. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300033555

Easley, L. (2017). From strategic patience to strategic uncertainty: Trump, North Korea, and South Korea's New President. World Affairs, 180(2), 7-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/0043820017721361

Findling, J. E., & Pelle, K. D. (1996). Historical dictionary of the modern Olympic movement. Greenwood Publishing Group.

Finnane, M. (2015). The Munich Olympics massacre and the development of counter-terrorism in Australia. Intelligence and National Security, 30(6), 817-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2014.882680

George, S., Yeung, J., Griffiths, J., Liptak, K., & Berlinger, J. (2019). DMZ: Donald Trump steps into North Korea with Kim Jong Un. CNN. Retrieved November 10, 2019, from https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/trump-dmz-kim-live-intl-hnk/h_8f4b268b1827c8c3d43909e24456f216

Gerring, J. (2004). What is a case study and what is it good for? American political science review, 98(2), 341-354. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055404001182

Gerring, J. (2017). Case study research: Principles and practices (2ed ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316848593

Giatsis, S., Ziakas, V., Zygouri, C., & Giatsi, A. (2004). Sport and the Olympic games in the global post-cold war Era (1989-nowadays). Journal of Olympic History, 12(2), 35-45.

Glaser, C. L. (2010). Rational theory of international politics: the logic of competition and cooperation. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400835133

Grix, J. (2013). Sport politics and the Olympics. Political Studies Review, 11(1), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12001

Haas, E. B. (2008). Beyond the nation state: Functionalism and international organization. ECPR Press.

Haftel, Y. Z. (2007). Designing for peace: regional integration arrangements, institutional variation, and militarized interstate disputes. International Organization, 61(1), 217-237. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818307070063

Hanhimäki, J. M. (2015). The United Nations: A very short introduction. Oxford University. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780190222703.001.0001

Hoberman, J. (1995). Toward a theory of Olympic internationalism. Journal of Sport History, 22 (1), 1-37.

Hong, S. (2017). Trump is the right leader to achieve peace with North Korea. New Perspectives Quarterly, 34(3): 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/npqu.12087

Hosli, M. O., & Dörfler, T. (2019). Why is change so slow? Assessing prospects for United Nations Security Council reform. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 22(1), 35-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2017.1305903

Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J., & Elliott, K. A. (1990). Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy. Peterson Institute.

IOC. (2019). Olympic Charter. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved from https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/General/EN-Olympic-Charter.pdf

Jervis, R. (1999). Realism, neoliberalism, and cooperation: understanding the debate. International Security, 24(1), 42-63. https://doi.org/10.1162/016228899560040

Kalantar, N. (2019). The limitations and capabilities of the United Nations in modern conflict. E-International Relations. Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.e-ir.info/2019/07/10/the-limitations-and-capabilities-of-the-united-nations-in-modern-conflict/comment-page-1/

Keohane, R. O. (2005). After hegemony: Cooperation and discord in the world political economy. Princeton university press.

Krasner, S. (1983). International regimes. Cornell University Press.

Krüger, A., & Murray, W. (2010). The Nazi Olympics: Sport, politics, and appeasement in the 1930s. University of Illinois Press.

Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. United States Institute of Peace.

Lennartz, K. (2002). The 2nd international Olympic Games in Athens 1906. Journal of Olympic history, 10, 3-24.

Lagoni, R. (1995). Resolution, declaration, decision. United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, 2, 1081-1091.

Lee, J. W. (2015). Examining Korean nationalisms, identities, and politics through sport. Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science, 4(3), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/21640599.2016.1139533

Lee, J. W. (2017). Do the scale and scope of the event matter? The Asian Games and the relations between North and South Korea. Sport in Society, 20(3), 369-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2015.1088723

Lee, Y. G. (2014). Bukhan eui dobal sarye boonseok [A case study on the provocations by NK]. Military History, 91, 63-110.

Loland, S., & Selliaas. A. (2009). The Olympic truce-the ideal and the reality. In K. Georgiadis, & A, Syrigos (Eds.), Olympic Truce: Sport as a platform for peace (pp. 57-69). The International Olympic Truce Centre.

MacFarlane, S. N., & Khong, Y. F. (2006). Human security and the UN: A critical history. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

Mackinlay, J., & Chopra, J. (1997). Second generation multinational operations. Washington Quarterly, 15(3), 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/01636609209550110

Mearsheimer, J. (1994). The false promise of international institutions. International Security, 19(3), 5-49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539078

Moore Jr, J. A., & Pubantz, J. (2017). The new United Nations: International organization in the twenty-first century. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781317288435

Ministry of National Defense. (2018). The 2018 defense white paper. Republic of Korea: Ministry of National Defense. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from http://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201907110548253080.pdf

Ministry of National Defense. (2020). The 2020 defense white paper. Republic of Korea: Ministry of National Defense. Retrieved May 31, 2021, from https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_202102040549325290.pdf

Mulcahy, K. V. (2017). Patronizing mega-events to globalize identity: The Olympic opening ceremony as a cultural policy. In K. V. Mulcahy, (eds.), Public Culture, Cultural Identity, Cultural Policy (pp. 65-92). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-43543-9_3

Newton, K. (2019). International Relations and World Politics. UK: ED-Tech Press.

Nuclear Threat Initiative (2021). The CNS North Korea missile test database. NTI. Retrieved June 1, 2021, from https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/cns-north-korea-missile-test-database/

Öberg, M. D. (2005). The legal effects of resolutions of the UN security council and general assembly in the Jurisprudence of the ICJ. European Journal of International Law, 16(5), 879-906. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chi151

Panda, A. (2018). 3 Takeaways from Kim Jong-un's 2018 New year's address. The Diplomat. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/3-takeaways-from-kim-jong-uns-2018-new-years-address/

Pease, K. S. (2018). International organizations: Perspectives on Global Governance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351213110

Pettman, R. (2005). Human security as global security: reconceptualizing strategic studies. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 18(1), 137-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557570500059878

Pound, R. W. (1994). Five rings over Korea: The secret negotiations behind the 1988 Olympic games in Seoul. Little Brown.

Rennie-Short, J. (2013). Global metropolitan: Globalizing cities in a capitalist world. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203508657

Reid, H. L. (2006). Olympic sport and its lessons for peace. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 33(2), 205-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2006.9714702

Reiche, D. (2016). Success and failure of countries at the Olympic Games. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757308

Rich, M. (2018). Olympics open with Koreas marching together, offering hope for peace. The New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/09/world/asia/olympics-opening-ceremony-north-korea.html

Roche, M. (2002). The Olympics and global citizenship. Citizenship Studies, 6(2), 165-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/13621020220142950

Rosamond, B. (2000). Theories of European integration. St. Martin's Press.

Sterling-Folker, J. A. (2013). Making sense of international relations theory. Lynne Rienner.

Tarrow, S. (1996). Social movements in contentious politics: A review article. American Political Science Review, 90(4), 874-883. https://doi.org/10.2307/2945851

United Nations. (1945). The UN charter. United Nation. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/

United Nations. (1993). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. United Nations. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://undocs.org/A/RES/48/11

United Nations. (1998). Memorandum of Understanding between the UN and the Republic of Iraq. United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/s98-166.htm

United Nations. (2000). Building a peaceful and better world through sport and the Olympic ideal. United Nations. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/628/01/pdf/N0062801.pdf?OpenElement

United Nations. (2012). Security Council fails to adopt draft resolution on Syria as Russian Federation, China veto text supporting Arab league's proposed peace plan. United Nations. Retrieved May 26, 2020, from https://www.un.org/press/en/2012/sc10536.doc.htm

United Nations.(2017a). Resolution 2375. United Nations. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://undocs.org/S/RES/2375(2017)

United Nations. (2017b). General debate: Republic of Korea. United Nations. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://gadebate.un.org/en/72/republic-korea

United Nations. (2017c). Resolution adopted by the General Assembly. United Nations. Retrieved November 15, 2019, from https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/72/6

United Nations. (2017d). General debate: United States of America. United Nations. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://gadebate.un.org/sites/default/files/gastatements/72/us_en.pdf

U.S. Department of State. (2018). Department press briefing. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-february-13-2018/

Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Random House.

Ward, A. (2019). North Korea tested a missile over the weekend: The Trump admin flubbed the response. Vox. Retrieved May 20, 2020, from https://www.vox.com/world/2019/5/6/18531121/north-korea-missile-test-trump-pompeo

Weiss, T. G. (2013). International organization and global governance. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203795972

Wilson, G. L. (2017). World War III: Nuclear War. Archway Publishing.

Yu, Y., & Jiangyong, L. (2011). A comparative analysis of the Olympic impact in East Asia: from Japan, South Korea to China. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 28(16), 2290-2308. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.626682

Statistics

Statistics RUA

Published

2023-01-01

How to Cite

Park, K., Koo, G. Y., & Kim, M. (2023). The effect of the United Nations resolution for Olympic Truce on peace based on functionalism. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 18(1), 107–125. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.181.10

Issue

Section

Olympic Section