Concurrent validity of VmaxPro, Kinovea, and Speedograph for the assessment of peak barbell velocity during the bench press
A comparison of technological approaches and historical evolutions
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.183.09Keywords:
Biomechanics, Video analysis, IMU, Linear velocity transducer, CalibrationAbstract
Measurement of barbell velocity is a simple and effective way to control strength training. To assess the concurrent validity of different technological approaches measuring barbell velocity, video-analysis (Kinovea), linear velocity transducer (Speedograph), and an inertial measurement unit (VmaxPro) were compared. Sixty-eight female and male sport science students lifted two repetitions in the bench press exercise at self-selected barbell loads. Peak vertical barbell velocity (Vmax) was parallel measured during the concentric phase of the lift using the aforementioned devices. Concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), Deming regression (DR) and Bland-Altman analysis (BA) were used to assess relative and absolute concurrent validity of Vmax measured with Kinovea, Speedograph, and VmaxPro. Results confirmed high concurrent validity of Speedograph and VmaxPro (CCC = 0.99, standard deviation of differences [SDD] = 0.04 m∙s-1) without detecting proportional or constant bias. In contrast, Vmax measured with Kinovea showed poor concurrent validity to Speedograph (CCC = 0.83) and VmaxPro (CCC = 0.81) with significant proportional and constant bias. Regression based re-calibration of Vmax from Kinovea resulted in an SDD = 0.09 m∙s-1 compared to Speedograph and an SDD = 0.08 m∙s-1 compared to VmaxPro. Among the three tested devices, Vmax assessed using Kinovea showed poor concurrent validity. Furthermore, as Kinovea showed proportional bias compared to Speedograph and VmaxPro, application-specific re-calibration of Kinovea should be applied when barbell velocity data is compared to Speedograph and VmaxPro.
Downloads
References
Bardella, P., Carrasquilla García, I., Pozzo, M., Tous-Fajardo, J., Saez de Villareal, E., & Suarez-Arrones, L. (2017). Optimal sampling frequency in recording of resistance training exercises. Sports Biomech, 16(1), 102-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2016.1205652
Carzoli, J. P., Sousa, C. A., Helms, E. R., & Zourdos, M. C. (2022, Jan). Agreement Between Kinovea Video Analysis and The Open Barbell System for Resistance Training Movement Outcomes. J Hum Kinet, 81, 27-39. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2022-0003
Clemente, F. M., Akyildiz, Z., Pino-Ortega, J., & Rico-González, M. (2021, Apr 3). Validity and Reliability of the Inertial Measurement Unit for Barbell Velocity Assessments: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel), 21(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072511
Harris, N. K., Cronin, J., Taylor, K.-L., Jidovtseff, B., & Sheppard, J. (2010). Understanding position transducer technology for strength and conditioning practitioners. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 32(4), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e3181eb341b
Hornsby, W. G., Gleason, B. H., DeLong, M., & Stone, M. H. (2022, Sep 8). "Are You Doing Any Sport Science?" A Brief Editorial. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol, 7(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7030069
Hughes, L. J., Banyard, H. G., Dempsey, A. R., Peiffer, J. J., & Scott, B. R. (2019, Mar). Using load-velocity relationships to quantify training-induced fatigue. J Strength Cond Res, 33(3), 762-773. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003007
Hughes, L. J., Banyard, H. G., Dempsey, A. R., & Scott, B. R. (2019, Sep). Using a load-velocity relationship to predict one repetition maximum in free-weight exercise: A comparison of the different methods. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2409-2419. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002550
Jimenez-Olmedo, J. M., Penichet-Tomas, A., Villalon-Gasch, L., & Pueo, B. (2021). Validity and reliability of smartphone high-speed camera and Kinovea for velocity-based training measurement. J Hum Sport Excerc, 16(4), 878-888. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.164.11
Jiménez-Reyes, P., Castaño-Zambudio, A., Cuadrado-Peñafiel, V., González-Hernández, J. M., Capelo-Ramírez, F., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2021). Differences between adjusted vs. non-adjusted loads in velocity-based training: consequences for strength training control and programming. PeerJ, 9, e10942. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10942
Jukic, I., García-Ramos, A., Malecek, J., Omcirk, D., & Tufano, J. J. (2020, Apr 13). Validity of Load-Velocity Relationship to Predict 1 Repetition Maximum During Deadlifts Performed With and Without Lifting Straps: The Accuracy of Six Prediction Models. J Strength Cond Res. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003596
Koshida, S., Urabe, Y., Miyashita, K., Iwai, K., & Kagimori, A. (2008, Sep). Muscular outputs during dynamic bench press under stable versus unstable conditions. J Strength Cond Res, 22(5), 1584-1588. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31817b03a1
Martinopoulou, K., Tsoukos, A., Donti, O., Katsikas, C., Terzis, G., & Bogdanis, G. C. (2022). Comparison of movement velocity and force-velocity parameters using a free video analysis software and a linear position transducer during unilateral and bilateral ballistic leg press. Biomed Hum Kinet(14), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.2478/bhk-2022-0004
McBride, G. B. (2005). A proposal for strength-of-agreement criteria for Lin's concordance correlation coefficient [Client Report HAM2005-062]. NIWA
Montenij, L. J., Buhre, W. F., Jansen, J. R., Kruitwagen, C. L., & de Waal, E. E. (2016, Jun). Methodology of method comparison studies evaluating the validity of cardiac output monitors: a stepwise approach and checklist. Br J Anaesth, 116(6), 750-758. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aew094
Moreno-Villanueva, A., Pino-Ortega, J., & Rico-González, M. (2021, Nov 2). Validity and reliability of linear position transducers and linear velocity transducers: a systematic review. Sports Biomech, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2021.1988136
Pareja-Blanco, F., Rodríguez-Rosell, D., Sánchez-Medina, L., Sanchis-Moysi, J., Dorado, C., Mora-Custodio, R., Yáñez-García, J. M., Morales-Alamo, D., Pérez-Suárez, I., Calbet, J. A. L., & González-Badillo, J. J. (2017, Jul). Effects of velocity loss during resistance training on athletic performance, strength gains and muscle adaptations. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 27(7), 724-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12678
Payne, R. B. (1997). Method comparison: Evaluation of least squares, Deming and Passing/Bablok regression procedures using computer simulation. Ann Clin Biochem, 34 (Pt 3), 319-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/000456329703400317
Pérez-Castilla, A., Piepoli, A., Delgado-García, G., Garrido-Blanca, G., & García-Ramos, A. (2019, May). Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Seven Commercially Available Devices for the Assessment of Movement Velocity at Different Intensities During the Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res, 33(5), 1258-1265. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000003118
Richter, G. (1973). Ein Trainergerät zur Objektivierung der sportspezifischen Schnellkraftfähigkeit und zur Trainingssteuerung im Gewichtheben. Theorie und Praxis Leistungssport, 11(3), 241-263.
Richter, G. (1974). Meßwertgewinnung und -verdichtung im Forschungsvorhaben Gewichtheben. Theorie und Praxis Leistungssport, 12(1), 53-65.
Rum, L., Sciarra, T., Balletti, N., Lazich, A., & Bergamini, E. (2022, Dec 16). Validation of an Automatic Inertial Sensor-Based Methodology for Detailed Barbell Velocity Monitoring during Maximal Paralympic Bench Press. Sensors (Basel), 22(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22249904
Sañudo, B., Rueda, D., Pozo-Cruz, B. D., de Hoyo, M., & Carrasco, L. (2016, Oct). Validation of a Video Analysis Software Package for Quantifying Movement Velocity in Resistance Exercises. J Strength Cond Res, 30(10), 2934-2941. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000563
Sato, K., Smith, S. L., & Sands, W. A. (2009). Validation of an accelerometer for measuring sport performance. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 342-347. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181876a01
Suchomel, T. J., Nimphius, S., Bellon, C. R., Hornsby, W. G., & Stone, M. H. (2021, Oct). Training for Muscular Strength: Methods for Monitoring and Adjusting Training Intensity. Sports Med, 51(10), 2051-2066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01488-9
Ungerer, J. P. J., & Pretorius, C. J. (2018). Method comparison - a practical approach based on error identification. Clin Chem Lab Med, 56(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2017-0842
Wang, L., Hu, W., & Tan, T. (2003). Recent developments in human motion analysis. Pattern Recognition, 36(3), 585-601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3203(02)00100-0
Weakley, J., Mann, B., Banyard, H. G., McLaren, S., Scott, T., & Garcia-Ramos, A. (2021). Velocity-based training: From theory to application. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 43(2), 31-49. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000560
Downloads
Statistics
Published
Versions
- 2023-07-04 (2)
- 2023-04-18 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 University of Alicante
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.