Effects of acute caffeine intake on sex hormones response and repetitions to failure in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2024.191.16Keywords:
Sport medicine, Health, Muscular endurance, Menstruation, Pituitary, Hypothalamus, Oral contraceptive pillsAbstract
This study investigated the acute effects of caffeine intake on sex hormones (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, oestradiol, and progesterone) following resistance exercise performance during the early follicular phase. In addition, the total number of failed repetitions was determined. Ten resistance-trained females performed two consecutive trials (48 h apart). Participants were randomly assigned to receive either caffeine (4 mg/kg) 1 h before exercise or a placebo, using a double-blind crossover design. Each trial included the following resistance exercises: chest press, lat pulldown, triceps pushdown, and rowing torso. Each exercise was performed in three sets of 10 repetitions at 60% of 1-RM, with a 90 s recovery interval, followed by repetitions to failure at the same intensity during the fourth set. Two-minute breaks were allocated between each exercise’s third and fourth sets of and between exercises. Blood samples were collected from each participant 1 h after the completion of each trial. Data revealed no statistical difference (p ˃ .05) in ergogenic response to caffeine on sex hormones during the early follicular phase between trials. However, serum prolactin level significantly decreased (p = .039) after caffeine intake compared to the placebo. The overall repetitions to failure were significantly higher (p = .023) in the caffeine trial than in the placebo. In conclusion, caffeine intake (4 mg/kg) 1 h before multiple resistance exercises had no effect on sex hormone responses during the early follicular phase, except for prolactin. However, the overall repetitions until failure were higher following caffeine intake.
Downloads
References
Ansdell, P., Brownstein, C. G., Škarabot, J., Hicks, K. M., Simoes, D. C. M., Thomas, K., Howatson, G., Hunter, S. K., & Goodall, S. (2019). Menstrual cycle-associated modulations in neuromuscular function and fatigability of the knee extensors in eumenorrheic women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126(6), 1701-1712. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01041.2018
Bowtell, J. L., Mohr, M., Fulford, J., Jackman, S. R., Ermidis, G., Krustrup, P., & Mileva, K. N. (2018). Improved Exercise Tolerance with Caffeine Is Associated with Modulation of both Peripheral and Central Neural Processes in Human Participants. Frontiers in nutrition, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00006
Dasa, M. S., Kristoffersen, M., Ersvær, E., Bovim, L. P., Bjørkhaug, L., Moe-Nilssen, R., Sagen, J. V., & Haukenes, I. (2021). The Female Menstrual Cycles Effect on Strength and Power Parameters in High-Level Female Team Athletes. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 600668. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.600668
Davis, J.-K., Green, J. M., & Laurent, C. M. (2012). Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Training Performance on Repetitions to Failure. Journal of Caffeine Research, 2(1), 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1089/jcr.2012.0005
Del Coso, J., Muñoz, G., & Muñoz-Guerra, J. (2011). Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the World Anti-Doping Agency list of banned substances. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 36(4), 555-561. https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-052
Dodd, F. L., Kennedy, D. O., Riby, L. M., & Haskell-Ramsay, C. F. (2015). A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of caffeine and L-theanine both alone and in combination on cerebral blood flow, cognition and mood. Psychopharmacology, 232(14), 2563-2576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-015-3895-0
Duncan, M. J., Stanley, M., Parkhouse, N., Cook, K., & Smith, M. (2013). Acute caffeine ingestion enhances strength performance and reduces perceived exertion and muscle pain perception during resistance exercise. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(4), 392-399. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.635811
Filip-Stachnik, A., Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Lulińska, E., Tufano, J. J., Zajac, A., Stastny, P., & Del Coso, J. (2021). The effects of different doses of caffeine on maximal strength and strength-endurance in women habituated to caffeine. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 18(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-021-00421-9
Goldstein, E., Jacobs, P. L., Whitehurst, M., Penhollow, T., & Antonio, J. (2010). Caffeine enhances upper body strength in resistance-trained women. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 7(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-7-18
Graham T. E. (2001). Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 31(11), 785-807. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131110-00002
Green, J., Wickwire, P., McLester, J., Gendle, S., Hudson, G., Pritchett, R., & Laurent, M. (2007). Effects of Caffeine on Repetitions to Failure and Ratings of Perceived Exertion During Resistance Training. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2, 250-259. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.3.250
Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2017). Caffeine ingestion acutely enhances muscular strength and power but not muscular endurance in resistance-trained men. European journal of sport science, 17(8), 1029-1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2017.1330362
Grgic, J., & Mikulic, P. (2021). Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on resistance exercise, jumping, and Wingate performance: no influence of habitual caffeine intake. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(8), 1165-1175. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1817155
Heavens, K. R., Szivak, T. K., Hooper, D. R., Dunn-Lewis, C., Comstock, B. A., Flanagan, S. D., Looney, D. P., Kupchak, B. R., Maresh, C. M., Volek, J. S., & Kraemer, W. J. (2014). The Effects of High Intensity Short Rest Resistance Exercise on Muscle Damage Markers in Men and Women. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1097/JSC.0000000000000236
Klentrou, P., & Plyley, M. (2003). Onset of puberty, menstrual frequency, and body fat in elite rhythmic gymnasts compared with normal controls. British journal of sports medicine, 37(6), 490-494. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.37.6.490
Lara, B., Gutiérrez Hellín, J., Ruíz-Moreno, C., Romero-Moraleda, B., & Del Coso, J. (2020). Acute caffeine intake increases performance in the 15-s Wingate test during the menstrual cycle. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 86(4), 745-752. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14175
Martins, G. L., Guilherme, J. P. L. F., Ferreira, L. H. B., de Souza-Junior, T. P., & Lancha, A. H., Jr (2020). Caffeine and Exercise Performance: Possible Directions for Definitive Findings. Frontiers in sports and active living, 2, 574854. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.574854
Norum, M., Risvang, L. C., Bjørnsen, T., Dimitriou, L., Rønning, P. O., Bjørgen, M., & Raastad, T. (2020). Caffeine increases strength and power performance in resistance-trained females during early follicular phase. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 30(11), 2116-2129. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13776
Polito, M. D., Grandolfi, K., & de Souza, D. B. (2019). Caffeine and resistance exercise: the effects of two caffeine doses and the influence of individual perception of caffeine. European journal of sport science, 19(10), 1342-1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1596166
Raastad, T., Bjøro, T., & Hallén, J. (2000). Hormonal responses to high- and moderate-intensity strength exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 82(1-2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050661
Romero-Moraleda, B., Del Coso, J., Gutiérrez-Hellín, J., & Lara, B. (2019). The Effect of Caffeine on the Velocity of Half-Squat Exercise during the Menstrual Cycle: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(11), 2662. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112662
Ruiz-Fernández, I., Valadés, D., Dominguez, R., Ferragut, C., & Pérez-López, A. (2023). Load and muscle group size influence the ergogenic effect of acute caffeine intake in muscular strength, power and endurance. European journal of nutrition, 62(4), 1783-1794. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-023-03109-9
Salinero, J. J., Lara, B., Jiménez-Ormeño, E., Romero-Moraleda, B., Giráldez-Costas, V., Baltazar-Martins, G., & Del Coso, J. (2019). More Research Is Necessary to Establish the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine in Female Athletes. Nutrients, 11(7), 1600. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071600
Seyed Saadat, S. N., Mohammadghasemi, F., Ebrahimi, H., Rafati Sajedi, H., & Chatrnour, G. (2016). Ovarian and uterine alterations following forced swimming: An immunohistochemical study. International journal of reproductive biomedicine, 14(10), 629-636. https://doi.org/10.29252/ijrm.14.10.629
Smilios, I., Tsoukos, P., Zafeiridis, A., Spassis, A., & Tokmakidis, S. P. (2014). Hormonal responses after resistance exercise performed with maximum and submaximum movement velocities. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 39(3), 351-357. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2013-0147
Tarnopolsky M. A. (2010). Caffeine and creatine use in sport. Annals of nutrition & metabolism, 57 Suppl 2, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1159/000322696
Tinsley, G. M., Urbina, S., Mullins, J., Outlaw, J., Hayward, S., Stone, M., Foster, C., Wilborn, C., & Taylor, L. (2017). Influence of A Thermogenic Dietary Supplement on Safety Markers, Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, Muscular Performance and Hormone Concentrations: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 16(4), 459-467.
Tortora, J., Gerard, and Derrickson, Bryan. (2017). Principles of Anatomy and Physiology (15th edition). WILEY.
Wilk, M., Krzysztofik, M., Maszczyk, A., Chycki, J., & Zajac, A. (2019). The acute effects of caffeine intake on time under tension and power generated during the bench press movement. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 16(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-019-0275-x
Wu, B.-H., & Lin, J.-C. (2010). Caffeine attenuates acute growth hormone response to a single bout of resistance exercise. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(2), 262-269.
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 University of Alicante
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
