Dynamic levels of hormonal, oxidants, insomnia, and stress in badminton athletes who practice morning and evening
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2024.192.08Keywords:
Sport medicine, Melatonin, Oxidative stress, Morning exercise, Night exercise, Insomnia, Stress levelAbstract
Circadian rhythms are internal mechanisms that regulate various aspects of the human body's physiology and behaviour that are influenced by activity, physicality, and change time in 24 hours. This study aims to compare oxidant levels and hormonal levels based on differences in training times, namely morning and evening, in badminton athletes. This research involved 44 badminton athletes using a purposive sampling technique who were divided into a morning group (n = 22) and an evening group (n = 22). Melatonin levels were measured using the Elabscience Kit (No. E-EL-H2016) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels using spectrophotometry. All research procedures have received ethical approval from the Hasanuddin University Medical Faculty Ethics Commission (Number: 377/UN4.6.4.5.31/PP36/2023). The results of this study indicate that the athlete's melatonin value in the morning was 76.71 ± (29.05-247.45) higher than in the evening 80.43 ± (50.83-155.24) Meanwhile, the athlete's MDA value in the evening was 2.08 ± (0.74–4.57) higher compared to the MDA in the morning of 1.09 ± (0.33–3.71). Meanwhile, based on the insomnia value for evening training, a higher value was obtained compared to morning training, namely 9.50 ± (3-11). However, there was no significant difference in stress levels. The results of the study showed that badminton athletes who trained at night tended to experience sleep disturbances (insomnia) and increased oxidant levels, while hormonal levels, especially melatonin, were higher in athletes who trained in the morning.
Funding
Hasanuddin University research and community service institute (LPPM)Downloads
References
Akhigbe, R. and Ajayi, A. (2021) 'The impact of reactive oxygen species in the development of cardiometabolic disorders: a review', Lipids in Health and Disease , 20(1), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-021-01435-7
Andalasari, R. and Berbudi, A. (2018) 'Exercise habits influence students' stress levels'. Health Science and Technology , 5(March), pp. 179-191. https://doi.org/10.32668/jitek.v5i2.11
Andriana, LM and Ashadi, K. (2019) 'Comparison of two types of exercise in the morning and evening on sleep quality', SPORTIF Journal: Journal of Learning Research , 5(1), p. 98. https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v5i1.12800
Arnold, R., Fletcher, D. and Daniels, K. (2013) 'Development and validation of the organizational stressor indicator for sport performers (OSI-SP)', Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 35(2), pp. 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.35.2.180
Arslan, M. et al. (2014) 'Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on MDA and TNF-α Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus', International Scholarly Research Notices , 2014, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/820387
Astuti, RD, Surmantika, R. and Rubai, M. (2021) 'Narrative Review: The Effect of Exercise on Reducing Stress Levels', Proceedings of the National Conference PKM Center Sebelas Maret University , pp. 245-248.
Avery, C. et al. (2022) 'Exploring Stress Mindset and Perceived Stress between College Student-Athletes and Non-Athletes.', International journal of exercise science , 15(5), pp. 1554-1562.
Ben Dhia, I. et al. (2022) 'Melatonin reduces muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise in people with overweight/obesity', Physiology International , 109(1), pp. 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1556/2060.2022.00126
Bergeron, M.F. et al. (2015) 'International Olympic Committee consensus statement on youth athletic development', British Journal of Sports Medicine , 49(13), pp. 843-851. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094962
Brink, M.S. et al. (2012) 'Changes in perceived stress and recovery in overreached young elite soccer players', Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports , 22(2), pp. 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01237.x
Carlson, L.A. et al. (2019) 'Influence of exercise time of day on salivary melatonin responses', International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 14(3), pp. 351-353. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0073
Chahine, KR, Chahine, NR and Nader, M. (2022) 'Morning exercise improves sleep quality in university students', International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences , 10(9), p. 1858. https://doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20222259
Chandra, II and Lontoh, SO (2022) 'The relationship between exercise habits and stress levels among students at the Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University Class of 2020-2021', Ebers Papyrus , 28(2). https://doi.org/10.24912/ep.v28i2.20652
Cheikh, M. et al. (2020) 'Melatonin ingestion after exhaustive late-evening exercise attenuates muscle damage, oxidative stress, and inflammation during intense short-term effort in the following day in teenage athletes', Chronobiology International , 37 (2), pp.236-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2019.1692348
Cooper (2005) 'Journal of Exercise Physiology online', Journal of Exercise Physiology , 8(1), pp. 11-25.
Crum, alia J. et. a. (2020) 'HHS Public Access', Physiology & behavior , 176(10), pp. 139-148.
Emens, JS and Burgess, HJ (2015) 'Effect of light and melatonin and other melatonin receptor agonists on human circadian physiology', Sleep Medicine Clinics , 10(4), pp. 435-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2015.08.001
Filho, E. et al. (2015) 'Athletic performance and recovery-stress factors in cycling: An ever changing balance', European Journal of Sport Science , 15(8), pp. 671-680. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2015.1048746
Fullagar, HHK et al. (2015) 'Sleep and Athletic Performance: The Effects of Sleep Loss on Exercise Performance, and Physiological and Cognitive Responses to Exercise', Sports Medicine , 45(2), pp. 161-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0260-0
Gerber, M. et al. (2023) 'Perceived recovery and stress states as predictors of depressive, burnout, and insomnia symptoms among adolescent elite athletes', Sports Psychiatry , 2(1), pp. 13-22. https://doi.org/10.1024/2674-0052/a000017
Gong, H. et al. (2000) 'Sleep-related c-Fos protein expression in the preoptic hypothalamus: Effects of ambient warming', American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology , 279(6 48-6), pp. 2079-2088. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.6.R2079
Heidari, J. et al. (2018) 'Recovery-stress patterns and low back pain: Differences in pain intensity and disability', Musculoskeletal Care , 16(1), pp. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/msc.1195
Heidari, J. et al. (2019) 'Multidimensional monitoring of recovery status and implications for performance', International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 14(1), pp. 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0669
Heishman, A.D. et al. (2017) 'Comparing performance during morning vs. afternoon training sessions in intercollegiate basketball players', Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 31(6), pp. 1557-1562. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001882
Jensen, M.A. et al. (2016) 'The effect of the number of consecutive night shifts on diurnal rhythms in cortisol, melatonin and heart rate variability (HRV): a systematic review of field studies', International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 89(4) , pp . 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-015-1093-3
Jusup, S. et al. (2022) 'Morning Exercise is More Effective in Ameliorating Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus', Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences , 10(A), pp. 1499-1504. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms
Kashefi, Z., Mirzaei, B. and Shabani, R. (2014) 'The effects of eight weeks selected aerobic exercises on sleep quality of middle-aged non-athlete females', Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16408
Kawamura, T. and Muraoka, I. (2018) 'Exercise-induced oxidative stress and the effects of antioxidant intake from a physiological viewpoint', Antioxidants , 7(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox7090119
Kellmann, M. and Kallus, KW (2016) 'Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Athletes', The Recovery-Stress Questionnaires , pp. 86-134.
Kim, H.K. et al. (2022) 'Chrono-exercise: Time-of-day-dependent physiological responses to exercise', Sports Medicine and Health Science [Preprint], (August). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.11.003
Kirschen, G.W., Jones, J.J. and Hale, L. (2020) 'The Impact of Sleep Duration on Performance among Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Literature Review', Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 30(5), pp. 503-512. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000622
Kline, C.E. and Youngstedt, S. (2017) 'Exercise and sleep', Elsevier, In Encyclopedia of Sleep , 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.00887-7
Kölling, S. et al. (2015) 'Validity of the acute recovery and stress scale: Training monitoring of the German Junior National Field Hockey Team', International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching , 10(2-3), pp. 529-542. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.2-3.529
Mah, CD et al. (2018) 'Poor sleep quality and insufficient sleep of a collegiate student- athlete population', Sleep Health , 4(3), pp. 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2018.02.005
Marrin, K. et al. (2011) 'Diurnal variation in the salivary melatonin responses to exercise: Relation to exercise-mediated tachycardia', European Journal of Applied Physiology , 111(11), pp. 2707-2714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1890-7
Merfeld, B. et al. (2022) 'The Impact of Early Morning Training Sessions on Total Sleep Time in Collegiate Athletes', International Journal of Exercise Science , 15(6), pp. 423- 433.
Milewski, MD et al. (2014) 'Chronic lack of sleep is associated with increased sports injuries in adolescent athletes', Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics , 34(2), pp. 129-133. https://doi.org/10.1097/BPO.0000000000000151
Mode, WJA et al. (2023) 'Effects of Morning Vs. Evening exercise on appetite, energy intake, performance and metabolism, in lean males and females', Appetite , 182(July 2022), p. 106422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2022.106422
Morita, Y., Sasai-Sakuma, T. and Inoue, Y. (2017) 'Effects of acute morning and evening exercise on subjective and objective sleep quality in older individuals with insomnia', Sleep Medicine, 34, pp . 200-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.03.014
Mushab, M., Hairrudin, H. and Abrori, C. (2020) 'Comparison of Increases in Serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) Levels after Morning and Evening Exercise in Untrained People', Andalas Health Journal, 9(2), p . 211. https://doi.org/10.25077/jka.v9i2.1312
New, K.J. et al. (2013) 'Free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation and systemic nitric oxide bioavailability: Implications for postexercise hemodynamics', American Journal of Hypertension , 26(1), pp. 126-134. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hps025
Nobari, H. et al. (2023) 'Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes', Heliyon , 9(9), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19636
Powers, S.K. et al. (2020) 'Exercise-induced oxidative stress: Friend or foe?', Journal of Sport and Health Science , 9(5), pp. 415-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.04.001
Refinetti, R. (2012) 'Integration of biological clocks and rhythms', Comprehensive Physiology , 2(2), pp. 1213-1239. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c100088
Reyner, LA and Horne, JA (2013) 'Sleep restriction and serving accuracy in tennis players' performance, and effects of caffeine', Physiology and Behavior , 120, pp. 93-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.07.002
Ritland, B.M. et al. (2019) 'Sleep health and its association with performance and motivation in tactical athletes enrolled in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps', Sleep Health , 5(3), pp. 309-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.01.004
Romadhan, SG, Purnama, SK and Sabarini, SS (2023) 'Differences in the effect of high and low maximum oxygen consumption capacity on the increase in lactic acid after exercise at night', Health Technologies , 1(2), pp . 31-39. https://doi.org/10.58962/HT.2023.1.2.31-39
Sato, K. et al. (2020) 'Melatonin and circadian rhythms in liver diseases: Functional roles and potential therapies', Journal of Pineal Research , 68(3), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12639
Skein, M. et al. (2011) 'Intermittent-sprint performance and muscle glycogen after 30 h of sleep deprivation', Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 43(7), pp. 1301- 1311. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820abc5a
Tan, DX et al. (2013) 'Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: A hypothesis related to melatonin's primary function and evolution in eukaryotes', Journal of Pineal Research , 54(2), pp. 127-138. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpi.12026
Van Tonder, A. et al. (2016) 'A prospective cohort study of 7031 distance runners shows that 1 in 13 report systemic symptoms of an acute illness in the 8-12 day period before a race, increasing their risk of not finishing the race 1.9 times for those runners who started the race: SAFER study IV', British Journal of Sports Medicine , 50(15), pp. 939- 945. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096190
Vitale, J. A. et al. (2017) 'Sleep quality and high intensity interval training at two different times of day: A crossover study on the influence of the chronotype in male collegiate soccer players', Chronobiology International , 34(2), pp. 260-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/07420528.2016.1256301
Wahyudi, R., Freeari, E. and Nazriati, E. (2015) 'Illustration of Stress Levels in First Year Students of the Faculty of Medicine, Riau University', Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(2), p. 107. https://doi.org/10.26891/JIK.v9i2.2015.107-113
Walsh, N.P. et al. (2021) 'Sleep and the athlete: Narrative review and 2021 expert consensus recommendations', British Journal of Sports Medicine , 55(7), pp. 356-368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102025
Youngstedt, SD, Elliott, JA and Kripke, DF (2019) 'Human circadian phase-response curves for exercise', Journal of Physiology , 597(8), pp. 2253-2268. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP276943
Yunus, NM (2020) 'Comparison of the Acute Response of Morning Futsal and Evening Futsal to Partial Pressure of O 2 and Co 2 in Young Adult Individuals', 3, pp. 89. https://doi.org/10.26858/sportive.v3i2.16997
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 University of Alicante
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
