Development of mental education through sports to enhance adolescent personal resilience
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2024.192.09Keywords:
Mental health, Personal resilience, Mental education, Sports, YouthAbstract
Objective: Based on the problem at hand, the aim of this study was to investigate how adolescents' personal resilience is understood in the context of developing mental education through sports activities. Research Methods: This study used a quantitative research method with an experimental approach. This study used a sample of high school students (SMA) class XI which was taken by randomized sampling. The total sample of this study amounted to 50 students. Students who became the research sample were assumed to have the ability (in class XI) and the same age (average 16 years). Research results: The results show that there is an average difference between the Pre-test and Post-test physical education learning outcomes, which means that there is an average difference in students' personal resilience scores between the pre-test and post-test. These results indicate the influence of the results of mental education intervention through physical education in increasing students' personal resilience. In the implementation of the post-test, the average value is 100.3 while the average value of the post-test is 49.5, or if you look at the difference (gain) between the post-test and the pre-test of 50.4 which shows a significant result of increasing student resilience from the results of mental education interventions in sports education learning at school. Conclusion: Mental education development programs in adolescents should be tailored to the health interests of the adolescent generation. Sports clubs have the potential to be an arena for health improvement.
Funding
Directorate of Research, Technology and Community Service, Directorate General of Higher Education, Research and Technology, Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and TechnologyDownloads
References
Bailey, R. (2005). Evaluating the relationship between physical education, sport and social inclusion. Educational Review, 57(1), 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/0013191042000274196
Biddle, S. J. H., & Asare, M. (2011). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 886-895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
Bissett, J. E., Kroshus, E., & Hebard, S. (2020). Determining the role of sport coaches in promoting athlete mental health: A narrative review and Delphi approach. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 6(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000676
Bond, L., Butler, H., Thomas, L., Carlin, J., Glover, S., Bowes, G., & Patton, G. (2007). Social and School Connectedness in Early Secondary School as Predictors of Late Teenage Substance Use, Mental Health, and Academic Outcomes. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(4), 357.e9-357.e18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.10.013
Brewer, M. L., van Kessel, G., Sanderson, B., Naumann, F., Lane, M., Reubenson, A., & Carter, A. (2019). Resilience in higher education students: a scoping review. Higher Education Research and Development, 38(6), 1105-1120. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2019.1626810
Chang, C. J., Putukian, M., Aerni, G., Diamond, A. B., Hong, E. S., Ingram, Y. M., Reardon, C. L., & Wolanin, A. T. (2020). American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement: Mental Health Issues and Psychological Factors in Athletes: Detection, Management, Effect on Performance, and Prevention-Executive Summary. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 30(2), 91-95. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000799
Chapman, L., Rose, K., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. (2022). "I want to fit in… but I don't want to change myself fundamentally": A qualitative exploration of the relationship between masking and mental health for autistic teenagers. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 99(102069), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102069
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new Resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Contreras-Osorio, F., Campos-Jara, C., Martínez-Salazar, C., Chirosa-Ríos, L., & Martínez-García, D. (2021). Effects of sport-based interventions on children's executive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Sciences, 11(6), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060755
Corcoran, J. (2016). Teenage pregnancy and mental health. Societies, 6(3), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc6030021
Donohue, B., Gavrilova, E., Strong, M., & Allen, D. N. (2020). A sport-specific optimization approach to mental wellness for youth in low-income neighborhoods. European Physical Education Review, 26(3), 695-712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X20905324
Endrianto, E. (2019). Peran Olahraga dalam Pembentukan Karakter Mahasiswa di Akamigas Balongan Indramayu. Syntax Idea, 1(7), 50-59.
Farquhar, J., Kamei, R., & Vidyarthi, A. (2018). Strategies for enhancing medical student resilience: student and faculty member perspectives. International Journal of Medical Education, 9, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5a46.1ccc
Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A. K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 808-814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.003
Gilligan, R. (2000). Adversity, resilience and young people: The protective value of positive school and spare time experiences. Children and Society, 14(1), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2000.tb00149.x
Gorczynski, P., Currie, A., Gibson, K., Gouttebarge, V., Hainline, B., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Mountjoy, M., Purcell, R., Reardon, C. L., Rice, S., & Swartz, L. (2021). Developing mental health literacy and cultural competence in elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(4), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1720045
Gray, P. (2015). Declining Student Resilience: A Serious Problem for Colleges. Psychology Today, 1-6.
Hallal, P. C., Victora, C. G., Azevedo, M. R., & Wells, J. C. K. (2006). Adolescent physical activity and health: A systematic review. Sports Medicine, 36(12), 1019-1030. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200636120-00003
Haris, F., Taufan, J., & Nelson, S. (2021). Peran Guru Olahraga bagi Perkembangan Pendidikan Jasmani Adaptif di Sekolah Luar Biasa. Jurnal Basicedu, 5(5), 3883-3891. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v5i5.1469
Hu, T., Zhang, D., & Wang, J. (2015). A meta-analysis of the trait resilience and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 76(April), 18-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.11.039
Ilham, E. L., Kirimoglu, H., & Cokluk, G. F. (2013). The Effect of Special Physical Education and Sports Program on the Quality of Life of the Children With Mental Retardation. Nigde University Journal of Physical Education And Sport Sciences, 7(1), 1-8.
Jakobsson, B. T. (2014). What makes teenagers continue?: A salutogenic approach to understanding youth participation in Swedish club sports. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 19(3), 239-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2012.754003
Jakobsson, B. T., & Lundvall, S. (2021). Learn, have fun and be healthy! an interview study of swedish teenagers' views of participation in club sport. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136852
Lereya, S. T., Humphrey, N., Patalay, P., Wolpert, M., Böhnke, J. R., Macdougall, A., & Deighton, J. (2016). The student resilience survey: Psychometric validation and associations with mental health. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 10(44), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-016-0132-5
Liddle, S. K., Deane, F. P., & Vella, S. A. (2017). Addressing mental health through sport: a review of sporting organizations' websites. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 11(2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12337
Lin, Y., Mutz, J., Clough, P. J., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2017). Mental toughness and individual differences in learning, educational and work performance, psychological well-being, and personality: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(AUG), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01345
Mahoney, J. W., Gucciardi, D. F., Ntoumanis, N., & Mallet, C. J. (2014). Mental toughness in sport: Motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 36(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2013-0260
Mesman, E., Vreeker, A., & Hillegers, M. (2021). Resilience and mental health in children and adolescents: An update of the recent literature and future directions. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(6), 586-592. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000741
Moesch, K., Kenttä, G., Kleinert, J., Quignon-Fleuret, C., Cecil, S., & Bertollo, M. (2018). FEPSAC position statement: Mental health disorders in elite athletes and models of service provision. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 38, 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.05.013
Morrison, G. M., & Allen, M. R. (2007). Promoting student resilience in school contexts. Theory into Practice, 46(2), 162-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840701233172
Mustafa, P. S. (2022). Metodologi Penelitian Dalam Pendidikan Olahraga.
Parent, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., & Gillard, A. (2021). Interpersonal Violence (IV) in Sport and Mental Health Outcomes in Teenagers. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(4), 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1177/01937235211043652
Peck, S. C., Roeser, R. W., Zarrett, N., & Eccles, J. S. (2008). Exploring the Roles of Extracurricular Activity Quantity and Quality in the Educational Resilience of Vulnerable Adolescents: Variable- and Pattern-Centered Approaches. Bone, 23(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00552.x
Rahadian, A., & Ma'mun, A. (2018). Kebijakan Olahraga Dalam Pemerintahan Lokal: Sebuah Penelitian dalam Merumuskan Rancangan Induk Pembangunan Olahraga Nasional. Proseding Seminar Pendidikan Jasmani - Fpok UPI, 23-24.
Ramirez-Granizo, I. A., Sánchez-Zafra, M., Zurita-Ortega, F., Puertas-Molero, P., González-Valero, G., & Ubago-Jiménez, J. L. (2020). Multidimensional self-concept depending on levels of resilience and the motivational climate directed towards sport in schoolchildren. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020534
Rao, A. L., Asif, I. M., Drezner, J. A., Toresdahl, B. G., & Harmon, K. G. (2015). Suicide in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Athletes: A 9-Year Analysis of the NCAA Resolutions Database. Sports Health, 7(5), 452-457. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115587675
Richards, J., & Foster, C. (2013). Sport for development interventions: Whom do they reach and what is their potential for impact on physical and mental health in low-income Countries? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10(7), 929-931. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.7.929
Richards J, Foster C, Townsend N, & Bauman A. (2014). Physical fitness and mental health impact of a sport-for-development intervention in a post-conflict setting: randomised. BMC Public Health, 14(619), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-619
Robbins, A., Kaye, E., & Catling, J. C. (2018). Predictors of student resilience in higher education. Psychology Teaching Review, 24(1), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.53841/bpsptr.2018.24.1.44
Rodrigues, A., Ii, B., Fátima, M. De, Aguiar, A., Ii, C., Silva, M., Ii, A., & Estadual, U. (2018). Mental health as a dimension for the care of teenagers. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 71(5), 2087-2093. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0192
Rodriguez-Ayllon, M., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Estévez-López, F., Muñoz, N. E., Mora-Gonzalez, J., Migueles, J. H., Molina-García, P., Henriksson, H., Mena-Molina, A., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., Catena, A., Löf, M., Erickson, K. I., Lubans, D. R., Ortega, F. B., & Esteban-Cornejo, I. (2019). Role of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in the Mental Health of Preschoolers, Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 49(9), 1383-1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01099-5
Rusdin, R., Salahudin, S., & Irawan, E. (2022). Peran Olahraga Dalam Pembentukan Karakter Islami Mahasiswa Di Stkip Taman Siswa Bima. Jurnal Ilmiah Mandala Education, 8(3), 2576-2583. https://doi.org/10.58258/jime.v8i3.3808
Saǧkal, A. S., & Özdemir, Y. (2019). Strength-based parenting and adolescents' psychological outcomes: The role of mental toughness. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 29(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2019.2
Sarkar, M., & Fletcher, D. (2013). How should we measure psychological resilience in sport performers? Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 17(4), 264-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/1091367X.2013.805141
Scheerder, J., Taks, M., & Lagae, W. (2007). Teenage girls' participation in sports. An intergenerational analysis of socio-cultural predictor variables. European Journal for Sport and Society, 4(2), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2007.11687800
Schinke, R. J., Cole Giffin, Cosh, S., Douglas, K., & Rhind, D. (2016). International Society of Sport Psychology Position Stand: Mental Health Through Occupational Health and Safety in High Performance Sport. School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, 6, 1-10.
Schinke, R. J., Stambulova, N. B., Si, G., & Moore, Z. (2018). International society of sport psychology position stand: Athletes' mental health, performance, and development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(6), 622-639. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2017.1295557
Sebbens, J., Hassmén, P., Crisp, D., & Wensley, K. (2016). Mental Health In Sport (MHS): Improving the early intervention knowledge and confidence of elite sport staff. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(JUN), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00911
Shanahan, D. F., Burt, T. A., Barber, E. A., Brymer, E., Cox, D. T. C., Dean, J., Depledge, M., Fuller, R. A., Hartig, T., Irvine, K. N., Jones, A., Kikillus, H., Lovell, R., & Mitchell, R. (2019). Nature and Wellbeing : The Purpose , the People and the Outcomes. Sports, 7(141), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7060141
Singh, K., & Yu, X. (2010). Psychometric Evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in a Sample of Indian Students. Journal of Psychology, 1(1), 23-30. https://doi.org/10.1080/09764224.2010.11885442
Slingerland, K. J. Van, Durand-Bush, N., Bradley, L., Goldfield, G., Archambault, R., Smith, D., Edwards, C., Delenardo, S., Taylor, S., Werthner, P., & Kenttä, G. (2019). Canadian Centre for Mental Health and Sport (CCMHS) Position Statement: Principles of Mental Health in Competitive and High-Performance Sport. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 29(3), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000665
Stepanchenko, N. I., & Briskin, Y. A. (2018). Dispositional factors of personality professional development of the future teachers of physical education and sport. Physical Education of Students, 23(4), 202-208. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0407
Strandbu, Å., Bakken, A., & Stefansen, K. (2020). The continued importance of family sport culture for sport participation during the teenage years. Sport, Education and Society, 25(8), 931-945. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1676221
Swann, C., Telenta, J., Draper, G., Liddle, S., Fogarty, A., Hurley, D., & Vella, S. (2018). Youth sport as a context for supporting mental health: Adolescent male perspectives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 35, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.11.008
Tan, Q., & Shao, W. (2021). Investigation on Health Promotion by the Typical Sports for Teenagers with Self-Efficacy and Sports Commitment Questionnaires. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8677182
Tempski, P., Santos, I. S., Mayer, F. B., Enns, S. C., Perotta, B., Paro, H. B. M. S., Gannam, S., Peleias, M., Garcia, V. L., Baldassin, S., Guimaraes, K. B., Silva, N. R., Navarro Da Cruz, E. M. T., Tofoli, L. F., Silveira, P. S. P., & Martins, M. A. (2015). Relationship among medical student resilience, educational environment and quality of life. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131535
Tessier, D., Sarrazin, P., & Ntoumanis, N. (2010). The effect of an intervention to improve newly qualified teachers' interpersonal style, students motivation and psychological need satisfaction in sport-based physical education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 35(4), 242-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2010.05.005
Thompson, H. S. C., Bugler, M., Robinson, J., Clough, P., McGeown, S. P., & Perry, J. (2015). Mental toughness in education: exploring relationships with attainment, attendance, behaviour and peer relationships. Educational Psychology, 35(7), 886-907. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2014.895294
Toktas, S. (2019). Examining the Levels of Forgiveness and Psychological Resilience of Teacher Candidates. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 7(4), 241. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v7i4.4122
Tomporowski, P. D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M. S. (2011). Physical activity interventions and children's mental function: An introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 52(SUPPL.), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.01.028
Vealey, R. S. (2012). Mental Skills Training in Sport. Handbook of Sport Psychology: Third Edition, 285-309. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118270011.ch13
Vella, S. A., Swann, C., Batterham, M., Boydell, K. M., Eckermann, S., Ferguson, H., Fogarty, A., Hurley, D., Liddle, S. K., Lonsdale, C., Miller, A., Noetel, M., Okely, A. D., Sanders, T., Schweickle, M. J., Telenta, J., & Deane, F. P. (2021). An Intervention for Mental Health Literacy and Resilience in Organized Sports. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 53(1), 139-149. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002433
Wylleman, P. (2019). An organizational perspective on applied sport psychology in elite sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 89-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.008
Yook, Y. S., Kang, S. J., & Park, I. K. (2017). Effects of physical activity intervention combining a new sport and mindfulness yoga on psychological characteristics in adolescents. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1069878
Zolkoski, S. M., Bullock, L. M., & Gable, R. A. (2016). Factors associated with student resilience: Perspectives of graduates of alternative education programs. Preventing School Failure, 60(3), 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/1045988X.2015.1101677
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 University of Alicante
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
