Performance and muscle activity during a high-intensity intermittent task after the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2023.183.18Keywords:
Sport medicine, Electromyography, Isokinetic dynamometer, Sodium bicarbonate, Performance, Muscle fatigueAbstract
The aim of the present study was to determine whether the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) promotes changes in strength, muscle activity, and perceived exertion in trained individuals following high-intensity intermittent exercise. Twelve trained men were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Each participant underwent two interventions with a 14-day washout period: i) alkalosis (ALK) – administration of gelatinous capsules containing 0.3 g.kg-1 of NaHCO3; ii) placebo (PLA) – administration of capsules containing 0.3 g.kg-1 of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The outcomes (electromyographic activity of the quadriceps, peak torque, pH, lactate, scales of perceived effort and pain) were collected during a dynamic high-intensity intermittent protocol performed on an isokinetic dynamometer. Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed no differences between conditions for any of the outcomes analysed. Based on the present findings, the ingestion of sodium bicarbonate does not promote changes in muscle activity, strength of the quadriceps, or perceptions of effort and pain in trained individuals during high-intensity intermittent exercise on an isokinetic dynamometer.
Downloads
References
Amann, M. (2011). Central and peripheral fatigue: Interaction during cycling exercise in humans. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821f59ab
Aoki, M. S., Pontes Junior, F. L., Navarro, F., Uchida, M. C., & Bacurau, R. F. P. (2003). Suplementação de carboidrato não reverte o efeito deletério do exercício de endurance sobre o subseqüente desempenho de força. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 9(5), 282-287. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922003000500004
Artioli, G. G., Coelho, D. F., Benatti, F. B., Gailey, A. C., Gualano, B., & Lancha, A. H. (2006). A ingestão de bicarbonato de sódio pode contribuir para o desempenho em lutas de judô? Revista Brasileira de Medicina Do Esporte, 12(6), 371-375. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-86922006000600014
Artioli, G. G., Gualano, B., Coelho, D. F., Benatti, F. B., Gailey, A. W., & Lancha, A. H. (2007). Does sodium-bicarbonate ingestion improve simulated judo performance? International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.2.206
Ayotte, N. W., Stetts, D. M., Keenan, G., & Greenway, E. H. (2007). Electromyographical analysis of selected lower extremity muscles during 5 unilateral weight-bearing exercises. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37(2), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2007.2354
Bacurau, R. F. P., Bassit, R. a, Sawada, L., Navarro, F., Martins, E., & Costa Rosa, L. F. B. P. (2002). Carbohydrate supplementation during intense exercise and the immune response of cyclists. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 21(5), 423-429. https://doi.org/10.1054/clnu.2002.0576
Bishop, D., Edge, J., Davis, C., & Goodman, C. (2004). Induced Metabolic Alkalosis Affects Muscle Metabolism and Repeated-Sprint Ability. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 36(5), 807-813. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000126392.20025.17
Carr, A. J., Hopkins, W. G., & Gore, C. J. (2011). Effects of acute alkalosis and acidosis on performance: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 41(10), 801-814. https://doi.org/10.2165/11591440-000000000-00000
Carr, A. J., Slater, G. J., Gore, C. J., Dawson, B., & Burke, L. M. (2011). Effect of sodium bicarbonate on [HCO3-], pH, and gastrointestinal symptoms. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.3.189
Carr, B. M., Webster, M. J., Boyd, J. C., Hudson, G. M., & Scheett, T. P. (2013). Sodium bicarbonate supplementation improves hypertrophy-type resistance exercise performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 113(3), 743-752. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2484-8
Cavasini, S. M., & Matsudo, V. K. . (1986). Novos achados da escala brasileira de percepção subjetiva de esforço. In CELAFISCS - Dez Anos de Contribuição as Ciências do Esporte (Primeira). São Caetano do Sul - SP.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Science (2nd Edition). Statistical Power Anaylsis for the Behavioral Sciences.
Coombes, J., & McNaughton, L. R. (1993). Effects of bicarbonate ingestion on leg strength and power during isokinetic knee flexion and extension. Journal Strength and Conditioning Research, 7(4), 241-249. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199311000-00009
Dipla, K., Tsirini, T., Zafeiridis, A., Manou, V., Dalamitros, A., Kellis, E., & Kellis, S. (2009). Fatigue resistance during high-intensity intermittent exercise from childhood to adulthood in males and females. European Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1058-x
Driller, M. W., Gregory, J. R., Williams, A. D., & Fell, J. W. (2013). The effects of chronic sodium bicarbonate ingestion and interval training in highly trained rowers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.1.40
Drouin, J. M., Valovich-McLeod, T. C., Shultz, S. J., Gansneder, B. M., & Perrin, D. H. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Biodex system 3 pro isokinetic dynamometer velocity, torque and position measurements. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91(1), 22-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0933-0
Duncan, M. J., Weldon, A., & Price, M. J. (2014). The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on back squat and bench press exercise to failure. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(5), 1358-1366. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000277
Durkalec-Michalski, K., Zawieja, E. E., Podgórski, T., Loniewski, I., Zawieja, B. E., Warzybok, M., & Jeszka, J. (2018). The effect of chronic progressive-dose sodium bicarbonate ingestion on CrossFit-like performance: A double-blind, randomized cross-over trial. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197480
Durkalec-Michalski, K., Zawieja, E. E., Podgórski, T., Zawieja, B. E., Michalowska, P., Lłoniewski, I., … Jeszka, J. (2018). The effect of a new sodium bicarbonate loading regimen on anaerobic capacity and wrestling performance. Nutrients, 10(5), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060697
Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Zheng, N., Barrentine, S. W., Wilk, K. E., Andrews, J. R., … James, R. (1998). Biomechanics of the knee during closed kinetic chain and open kinetic chain exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(4), 556-569. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-00269
Ferreira-Valente, M. A., Pais-Ribeiro, J. L., & Jensen, M. P. (2011). Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain, 152(10), 2399-2404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2011.07.005
Gao, J., Costill, D. L., Horswill, C. A., & Park, S. H. (1988). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion improves performance in interval swimming. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00636622
Gayda, M., Choquet, D., & Ahmaidi, S. (2009). Effects of exercise training modality on skeletal muscle fatigue in men with coronary heart disease. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 19(2), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.08.009
Gough, L. A., Rimmer, S., Osler, C. J., & Higgins, M. F. (2017). Ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) following a fatiguing bout of exercise accelerates postexercise acid-base balance recovery and improves subsequent high-intensity cycling time to exhaustion. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0065
Haff, G. G., Koch, a J., Potteiger, J. a, Kuphal, K. E., Magee, L. M., Green, S. B., & Jakicic, J. J. (2000). Carbohydrate supplementation attenuates muscle glycogen loss during acute bouts of resistance exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.10.3.326
Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Disselhorst-Klug, C., & Rau, G. (2000). Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 10(5), 361-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4
Hobson, R. M., Harris, R. C., Martin, D., Smith, P., Macklin, B., Elliott-Sale, K. J., & Sale, C. (2014). Effect of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on 2000-m rowing performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0086
Hunter, A. M., de Vito, G., Bolger, C., Mullany, H., & Galloway, S. D. R. (2009). The effect of induced alkalosis and submaximal cycling on neuromuscular response during sustained isometric contraction. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(12), 1261-1269. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903165077
Keskula, D. R., Dowling, J. S., Davis, V. L., Finley, P. W., & Dell'omo, D. L. (1995). Interrater reliability of isokinetic measures of knee flexion and extension. Journal of Athletic Training, 30(2), 167-170.
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2004). Fundamentals of Resistance Training: Progression and Exercise Prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000121945.36635.61
Krustrup, P., Ermidis, G., & Mohr, M. (2015). Sodium bicarbonate intake improves high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in trained young men. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 12(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3233/MGC-180260
Lakens, D. (2013). Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
Lambert, C. P., & Flynn, M. G. (2002). Fatigue during high-intensity intermittent exercise: Application to bodybuilding. Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200232080-00003
Lindh, A. M., Peyrebrune, M. C., Ingham, S. A., Bailey, D. M., & Folland, J. P. (2008). Sodium bicarbonate improves swimming performance. International Journal of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989228
Lopes-Silva, J. P., Da Silva Santos, J. F., Artioli, G. G., Loturco, I., Abbiss, C., & Franchini, E. (2018). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion increases glycolytic contribution and improves performance during simulated taekwondo combat. European Journal of Sport Science, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2018.1424942
Materko, W., Santos, E., & Novaes, J. (2008). Effect of Bicarbonate Supplementation on the Muscular Strength. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 11(5), 25-33.
Matsuura, R., Arimitsu, T., Kimura, T., Yunoki, T., & Yano, T. (2007). Effect of oral administration of sodium bicarbonate on surface EMG activity during repeated cycling sprints. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 101(4), 409-417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0512-x
Maughan, R. J., King, D. S., & Lea, T. (2004). Dietary Supplements. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22, 95-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00838-1
Mohr, M. (2015). Effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on measures of football performance - with reference to the impact of training status. Fróðskaparrit - Faroese Scientific Journal. https://doi.org/10.18602/fsj.v62i0.30
Price, Michael J., & Simons, C. (2010). The effect of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on high-intensity intermittent running and subsequent performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e06e4a
Price, Mike James, & Cripps, D. (2012). The effects of combined glucose-electrolyte and sodium bicarbonate ingestion on prolonged intermittent exercise performance. Journal of Sports Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.685086
Ratamess, N. A., Alvar, B. A., Evetoch, T. K., Housh, T. J., Kibler, W. Ben, Kraemer, W. J., & Triplett, N. T. (2009). Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise By The American College of Sports Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670
Siegler, J. C., & Gleadall-Siddall, D. O. (2010). Sodium bicarbonate ingestion and repeated swim sprint performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181f55eb1
Siegler, J. C., Marshall, P. W. M., Bishop, D., Shaw, G., & Green, S. (2016). Mechanistic Insights into the Efficacy of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation to Improve Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine - Open, 2(1), 41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-016-0065-9
Siegler, & Marshall, P. (2015). The effect of metabolic alkalosis on central and peripheral mechanisms associated with exercise-induced muscle fatigue in humans. Experimental Physiology, 100(5), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP085054
Siegler, Marshall, P., Finn, H., Cross, R., & Mudie, K. (2018). Acute attenuation of fatigue after sodium bicarbonate supplementation does not manifest into greater training adaptations after 10-weeks of resistance training exercise. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196677
Siegler, Marshall, P., Pouslen, M. K., Nielsen, N. P. B., Kennedy, D., & Green, S. (2014). The effect of pH on fatigue during submaximal isometric contractions of the human calf muscle. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 115(3), 565-577. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-3027-2
Suzuki, F. S., Kalytczak, M. M., Casarin, C. A. de S., Serra, A. J., Evangelista, A. L., Marchetti, P. H., … Bocalini, D. S. (2016). Physical activity level does not influence the neuromuscular fatigue in adults. Rev Bras Med Esporte Rev Bras Med Esporte -, 22(2), 97-101. https://doi.org/10.1590/1517-869220162202150282
Westerterp-Plantenga, M., Diepvens, K., Joosen, A. M. C. P., Bérubé-Parent, S., & Tremblay, A. (2006). Metabolic effects of spices, teas, and caffeine. Physiology and Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.01.027
Yamanaka, R., Yunoki, T., Arimitsu, T., Lian, C.-S., & Yano, T. (2011). Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on EMG, effort sense and ventilatory response during intense exercise and subsequent active recovery. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(5), 851-858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1715-0
Zajac, A., Cholewa, J., Poprzecki, S., Waśkiewicz, Z., & Langfort, J. (2009). Effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on swim performance in youth athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311x00009317

Downloads
Statistics
Published
Versions
- 2023-07-04 (2)
- 2023-04-18 (1)
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 University of Alicante

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.