The development of a reliable theory-based psychological instrument to measure cognitions relating to participation in university recreational sports
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.133.11Keywords:
Theory of planned behaviour, Questionnaire reliability, Sports participation, CognitionsAbstract
Background: It is important that theoretically informed questionnaires developed using guidelines outlined within the Theory of Planned Behaviour demonstrate reliability. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the reliability of direct and indirect items examining perceptions towards recreational sports participation by university students. Method: A convenience sample of 28 participants undertaking various degree programmes was used (age M = 18.89, SD = 0.62, female n = 18, male n = 10). Participants completed a theory-based questionnaire at time 1 and two weeks later at time 2. Internal consistency between direct items and correlations between indirect items was conducted. Results: Results showed all constructs measured through direct items had Cronbach’s alphas over 0.8 and all indirect items measuring beliefs were significantly correlated (p < 0.01). Conclusion: The findings demonstrate the reliability of a questionnaire to be used for a future study aimed at identifying specific belief-based intervention targets. The result of such work provides the foundations for interventions promoting participation in recreational university student sport, an expanding yet under-researched population of study.
Downloads
References
Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to action: A theory of planned behaviour. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Ed.), Action control: From cognitions to behaviours (pp. 11-39). New York, NY: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality, and behaviour. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Ajzen, I. (2006). Constructing a TpB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. Retrieved November 12, 2015 from http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/pdf/tpb.measurement.pdf
Ajzen, I. (2011). Behavioural interventions: Design and evaluation guided by the theory of planned behaviour. In M. M. Mark, S. I. Donaldson, & B. Campbell (Eds.), Social psychology for program and policy evaluation (pp. 74–100). New York, NY: Guilford.
Armitage, C. J. (2005). Can the theory of planned behaviour predict the maintenance of physical activity? Health Psychology, 24(3), 235-245. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.235
Booth, A. R., Norman, P., Harris, P. R., & Goyder, E. (2015). Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour to identify key beliefs underlying chlamydia testing intentions in a sample of young people living in deprived areas. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(9), 1229-1239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313510335
Chan, D. K. C., Hardcastle, S., Dimmock, J. A., Lentillon-Kaestner, V., Donovan, R. J., Burgin, M., & Hagger, M. S. (2015). Modal salient belief and social cognitive variables of anti-doping behaviours in sport: Examining an extended model of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 164-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.002
Chinapaw, M. J. M., Mokkink, L. B., van Poppel, M. N. M., van Mechelen, W., & Terwee, C. B. (2010). Physical activity questionnaires for youth: a systematic review of measurement properties. Sports Medicine, 40, 539-563. https://doi.org/10.2165/11530770-000000000-00000
Epton, T., Norman, P., Harris, P., Webb, T., Snowsill, F. A., & Sheeran, P. (2015). Development of theory-based health messages: three-phase programme of formative research. Health Promotion International, 30, 756-768. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dau005
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2010). Predicting and changing behaviour: The reasoned action approach. New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Francis, J., Eccles, M. P., Johnston, M., Walker, A. E., Grimshaw, J. M., Foy, R., … Bonetti, D. (2004). Constructing questionnaires based on the theory of planned behaviour: A manual for health services researchers. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Gucciardi, D.F., & Jackson, B. (2015). Understanding sport continuation: An integration of the Theories of Planned Behaviour and Basic Psychological Needs. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2013.11.011
Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and Health, 17(2), 123-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440290013644a
Huesman, R., Brown, A. K., Lee, G., Kellogg, J. P., & Radcliffe, P. M. (2009). Gym bags and mortarboards: Is use of campus recreation facilities related to student success? Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 46, 50-71. https://doi.org/10.2202/1949-6605.5005
Kampf, S., & Teske, E. (2013). Collegiate recreation participation and retention. Recreational Sports Journal, 37, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1123/rsj.37.2.85
Kyndt, E., Berghmans, I., Dochy, F., & Bulckens, L. (2014). 'Time is not enough.' Workload in higher education: a student perspective. Higher Education Research & Development, 33(4), 684-698. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2013.863839
Mendez, R. D. R., Rodrigues, R. C. M., Cornélio, M. E., Gallani, M. C. B. J., & Godin, G. (2010). Development of an instrument to measure psychosocial determinants of physical activity behaviour among coronary heart disease patients. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP, 44(3), 584-596. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0080-62342010000300006
Newham, J. J., Allan, C., Leahy-Warren, P., Carrick-Sen, D., & Alderdice, F. (2016). Intentions Toward Physical Activity and Resting Behavior in Pregnant Women: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior Framework in a Cross-Sectional Study. Birth, 43(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12211
Padilha, K. M., Gallani, M. C., & Colombia, R. C. (2004). Development of an instrument to measure beliefs and attitudes from heart valve disease patients. Revista Latino-Americana De Enfermagem, 12(3), 453-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692004000300002
Prapavessis, H., Gaston, A., & DeJesus, S. (2015). The theory of planned behaviour as a model for understanding sedentary behaviour. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 23-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.001
Rhodes, R. E., & Blanchard, C. M. (2006). Conceptual categories or operational constructs? Evaluating higher order theory of planned behaviour structures in the exercise domain. Behavioural Medicine, 31, 141-150. https://doi.org/10.3200/BMED.31.4.141-150
Sport England. (2012). Creating a Sporting Habit for Life. Sport England: England.
Taylor, N., Conner, M., & Lawton, R. (2012). The impact of theory on the effectiveness of worksite physical activity interventions: A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Health Psychology Review, 6, 33–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2010.533441
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
