Peaking for the World Para Athletics Championships: Case study of a World Champion female Paralympic shot putter
Keywords:
Athletic performance, Exercise, Disabled persons, Sports for persons with disabilities, Adaptive sports, Para-AthletesAbstract
Tapering is used to maximize performance and reduce fatigue levels before athletic competitions. However, scientific evidence regarding Paralympic athletes is scarce. Moreover, no study has assessed the effects of tapering practices on performance in a world champion female Paralympic shot putter (FPSP). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of a short tapering period on the performance of an elite FPSP. A world champion FPSP (sport class F54; age 42.2 y; body mass 74 kg; height 1.67 m) was monitored during both overload (2 weeks) and tapering (2 weeks; training volume and intensity decreased) blocks previous to Dubai 2019 World Para Athletics Championships. The internal training load (ITL) (through session rating of perceived exertion) and self-reported wellbeing (using a questionnaire) were assessed daily. Shot put performance was assessed at the beginning and after tapering. The ITL decreased 37.9% with tapering, shot put performance increased 7.6%, there were no differences between weekly wellness scores. No significant correlations were found between ITL and wellbeing indicators. It was concluded that two weeks of tapering induced a rather large improvement in shot put performance. Surprisingly, self-reported wellbeing did not improve with taper as expected.
Downloads
References
Afonso, J., Rocha, T., Nikolaidis, P. T., Clemente, F. M., Rosemann, T., & Knechtle, B. (2019). A systematic review of meta-analyses comparing periodized and non-periodized exercise programs: Why we should go back to original research. Frontiers in Physiology, 10(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01023
Allen, S. V., & Hopkins, W. G. (2015). Age of Peak Competitive Performance of Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 45, Issue 10, pp. 1431-1441). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0354-3
Alsaywid, B., & Abdulhaq, N. (2019). Guideline on writing a case report. In Urology Annals (Vol. 11, Issue 2, pp. 126-131). Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications. https://doi.org/10.4103/UA.UA_177_18
Bazyler, C. D., Mizuguchi, S., Harrison, A. P., Sato, K., Kavanaugh, A. A., Deweese, B. H., & Stone, M. H. (2017). Changes in muscle architecture, explosive ability, and track and field throwing performance throughout a competitive season and after a taper. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 31(10), 2785-2793. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001619
Bosquet, L., Montpetit, J., Arvisais, D., & Mujika, I. (2007). Effects of tapering on performance: A meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(8), 1358-1365. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31806010e0
Botonis, P. G., Toubekis, A. G., & Platanou, T. I. (2019). Training Loads, Wellness and Performance before and during Tapering for a Water-Polo Tournament. Journal of Human Kinetics, 66(1), 131-141. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0053
Bourdon, P. C., Cardinale, M., Murray, A., Gastin, P., Kellmann, M., Varley, M. C., Gabbett, T. J., Coutts, A. J., Burgess, D. J., Gregson, W., & Cable, N. T. (2017). Monitoring Athlete Training Loads: Consensus Statement. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(s2), S2-161-S2-170. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2017-0208
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. L. Erlbaum Associates.
Costello, J. T., Bieuzen, F., & Bleakley, C. M. (2014). Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research? European Journal of Sport Science, 14(8), 847-851. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2014.911354
Day, M. L., McGuigan, M. R., Brice, G., & Foster, C. (2004). Monitoring exercise intensity during resistance training using the session RPE scale. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 353-358.
Foster, C. (1998). Monitoring training in athletes with reference to overtraining syndrome. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(7), 1164-1168. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199807000-00023
Foster, C., Florhaug, J. A., Franklin, J., Gottschall, L., Hrovatin, L. A., Parker, S., Doleshal, P., & Dodge, C. (2001). A New Approach to Monitoring Exercise Training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 15(1), 109-115.
Foster, C., Rodriguez-Marroyo, J. A., & De Koning, J. J. (2017). Monitoring training loads: The past, the present, and the future. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(s2), 2-8. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2016-0388
Franciotti, R., De Gracia, P., Zakovska, A., Haddad, M., Stylianides, G., Djaoui, L., Dellal, A., & Chamari, K. (2017). Session-RPE Method for Training Load Monitoring: Validity, Ecological Usefulness, and Influencing Factors. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 11, 612. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2017.00612
Halson, S. L. (2014). Monitoring Training Load to Understand Fatigue in Athletes. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 44, Issue Suppl 2, pp. 139-147). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0253-z
Hartmann, H., Wirth, K., Keiner, M., Mickel, C., Sander, A., & Szilvas, E. (2015). Short-term Periodization Models: Effects on Strength and Speed-strength Performance. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 45(10), 1373-1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0355-2
Issurin, V. B. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 40, Issue 3, pp. 189-206). Sports Med. https://doi.org/10.2165/11319770-000000000-00000
Kyriazis, T. A., Terzis, G., Boudolos, K., & Georgiadis, G. (2009). Muscular Power, Neuromuscular Activation, and Performance in Shot Put Athletes At Preseason and at Competition Period. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(6), 1773-1779. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b3f91e
Lee, E. C., Fragala, M. S., Kavouras, S. A., Queen, R. M., Pryor, J. L., & Casa, D. J. (2017). Biomarkers in sports and exercise: Tracking health, performance, and recovery in athletes. In Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (Vol. 31, Issue 10, pp. 2920-2937). NSCA National Strength and Conditioning Association. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002122
Malone, J. J., Jaspers, A., Helsen, W., Merks, B., Frencken, W. G. P., & Brink, M. S. (2018). Seasonal training load and wellness monitoring in a professional soccer goalkeeper. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(5), 672-675. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0472
McGuigan, M. R., Egan, A. D., & Foster, C. (2004). Salivary cortisol responses and perceived exertion during high intensity and low intensity bouts of resistance exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(1), 8-15.
McLean, B. D., Coutts, A. J., Kelly, V., McGuigan, M. R., & Cormack, S. J. (2010). Neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue responses during different length between-match microcycles in professional rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 5(3), 367-383. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.5.3.367
Mujika, I. (2009). Tapering and peaking for optimal performance. Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781492595960
Mujika, I. (2010). Intense training: The key to optimal performance before and during the taper. In Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports (Vol. 20, Issue SUPPL. 2, pp. 24-31). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01189.x
Mujika, I., & Padilla, S. (2003). Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 35(7), 1182-1187. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000074448.73931.11
Oliveto, N. (2004). Establishing Volume Load Parameters: A Different Look in Designing a Strength Training Periodization for Throwing Events. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 26(5), 52-55.
Perret, C. (2017). Elite-adapted wheelchair sports performance: a systematic review. In Disability and Rehabilitation (Vol. 39, Issue 2, pp. 164-172). Taylor and Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2015.1095951
Schofield, M., Cronin, J. B., Macadam, P., & Hébert-Losier, K. (2019). Rotational shot put: a phase analysis of current kinematic knowledge. Sports Biomechanics, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763141.2019.1636130
Schwellnus, M., Soligard, T., Alonso, J. M., Bahr, R., Clarsen, B., Dijkstra, H. P., Gabbett, T. J., Gleeson, M., Hägglund, M., Hutchinson, M. R., Van Rensburg, C. J., Meeusen, R., Orchard, J. W., Pluim, B. M., Raftery, M., Budgett, R., & Engebretsen, L. (2016). How much is too much? (Part 2) International Olympic Committee consensus statement on load in sport and risk of illness. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 50(17), 1043-1052. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-096572
Simim, M. A. M., De Mello, M. T., Silva, B. V. C., Rodrigues, D. F., Rosa, J. P. P., Couto, B. P., & Da Silva, A. (2017). Load monitoring variables in training and competition situations: A systematic review applied to wheelchair sports. In Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly (Vol. 34, Issue 4, pp. 466-483). Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.2016-0149
Singh, F., Foster, C., Tod, D., & McGuigan, M. R. (2007). Monitoring different types of resistance training using session rating of perceived exertion. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 2(1), 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.1.34
Stone, M. H., Sanborn, K., O'Bryant, H. S., Hartman, M., Stone, M. E., Proulx, C., Ward, B., & Hruby, J. (2003). Maximum strength-power-performance relationships in collegiate throwers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 17(4), 739-745.
Sweet, T. W., Foster, C., McGuigan, M. R., & Brice, G. (2004). Quantitation of resistance training using the session rating of perceived exertion method. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(4), 796-802.
Terzis, G., Stratakos, G., Manta, P., & Georgiadis, G. (2008). Throwing performance after resistance training and detraining. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 22(4), 1198-1204. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31816d5c97
Tibana, R. A., Frade De Sousa, N. M., Cunha, G. V., Prestes, J., Fett, C., Gabbett, T. J., & Azevedo Voltarelli, F. (2018). Validity of Session Rating Perceived Exertion Method for Quantifying Internal Training Load during High-Intensity Functional Training. Sports, 68(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030068
Travis, S. K., Mujika, I., Gentles, J. A., Stone, M. H., & Bazyler, C. D. (2020). Tapering and Peaking Maximal Strength for Powerlifting Performance: A Review. Sports, 8(9), 125. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8090125
Wallace, L. K., Slattery, K. M., & Coutts, A. J. (2009). The ecological validity and application of the session-rpe method for quantifying training loads in swimming. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 23(1), 33-38. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181874512
Zaras, N. D., Stasinaki, A.-N. E., Krase, A. A., Methenitis, S. K., Karampatsos, G. P., Georgiadis, G. V, Spengos, K. M., & Terzis, G. D. (2014). Effects of tapering with light vs. heavy loads on track and field throwing performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 28(12), 3484-3495. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000566
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
