Evaluation of explosive strength ability of the upper body for athletic throwers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2022.171.19Keywords:
Athletics thrower, Explosion, Push up, Medicine ball throw, Bench pressAbstract
Physical fitness evaluation of throwing athletes has been performed based on measurement items for the purpose of power evaluation of the lower limbs and whole body; however, the method for assessing the muscle strength and exertion of the upper body has not been acknowledged extensively. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the evaluation of the explosive muscle performance of the upper body of an athlete using several measurement parameters, including push up jump (PJ), countermovement push up (CMPU) flight time, medicine ball throw (MBT), countermovement medicine ball throw, and one repetition maximum of the bench press (BP-1RM). The relationship between these measurement items and athletic performance as determined using the IAAF score was examined. Eleven male athletes training on a daily basis were enrolled. A significant positive correlation between MBT and athletic performance was observed, indicating the usefulness of physical fitness evaluation in athletes. Conversely, PJ and CMPU were not associated with athletic performance, suggesting that these parameters may be negatively affected by the subject’s weight. Further, BP-1RM did not show a significant correlation with athletic performance, owing to the fact that the exertion characteristics of one repetition maximum do not reflect the shrinkage rate of the muscle required for throwing. It is recommended that athletes select an event wherein their weight positively affects the competitive ability and does not affect measurement parameters. Further, explosive muscle performance without counter movements maybe incorporated into the physical fitness assessment of athletes.
Downloads
References
Aoki K, Yoshimitsu K, Kazuhiko S, Kazunori K, Hisashi N. Relationships Between Field Tests of Power and Athletic Performance in Track and Field Athletes Specializing in Power Events. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 2015; 10: 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.10.1.133
Babbitt D, Hoffa R. A Longitudinal Examination of the Throwing Career of Reese Hoffa. New Studies in Athletics, 2019; 31: 29-37.
Bartlett R. M. The biomechanics of the discus throw: A review. J Sports Sci, 1992; 10: 467-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640419208729944
Bartonietz K. Strength training for throwers. The Throws. J. Jarver, ed. Mountain View, CA: Tafnews Press, 2000; 22-24.
Bobbert M, Gerritsen K, Littjens A, and Van Soest AJ. Why is countermovement jump height greater than squat jump height? Med Sci Sports Exerc, 1996; 28: 1402-1412. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199611000-00009
Borgstrom A. Javelin throwing in Sweden-training and methods of evaluation. Thrower, 1989; 46: 56-59.
Bouhlel E, Chelly MS, Tabka Z, Shephard R. Relationships between maximal anaerobic power of the arms and legs and javelin performance. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2007; 47: 141-146.
Bourdin M, Rambaud O, Dorel S, Lacour J R, Moyen B, Rahmani A. Throwing Performance is Associated with Muscular Power. Int J Sports Med, 2010; 31: 505-510. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1249622
Gregor, R. J., Whiting, W. C. and McCoy, R. W. Kinetic analysis of Olympic discus throwers. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 1985; 1: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.2.131
Dapena J. The pattern of hammer head speed during a hammer throw and influence of gravity on its fluctuation. Journal of Biomechanics, 1984; 17: 553-339. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(84)90086-1
Hatakeyama S, Takanashi Y, Sasaki D. An investigation into characteristics of physical fitness in discus throwers. Research Quarterly of Athletics, 2011; 87: 17-26.
Hammami M, Hermassi S, Gaamouri N, Aloui G. Paul Comfort, Roy J. Shephard, Mohamed Souhaiel Chelly. Field Tests of Performance and Their Relationship to Age and Anthropometric Parameters in Adolescent Handball Players. Front Physiol, 2019; 10: 1124. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.01124
Hinshaw T, Stephenson M, Sha Z, Dai B. Effect of External Loading on Force and Power Production During Plyometric Push-ups. J Strength Cond Res, 2018; 32: 1099-1108. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001953
Hunter I, Kiggore G. Release velocity and angle in men's and women's hammer throw. Track Coach, 2003; 162: 5180-5181.
James M Clemons 1, Brian Campbell, Chris Jeansonne. Validity and Reliability of a New Test of Upper Body Power. J Strength Cond Res, 2010; 24, 1559-1565. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181dad222
Jones M. Throwing. The Crowood Press: Wiltshire, 1987; 91-95.
Judge, L W. Developing Speed Strength: In-Season Training Program for the Collegiate Thrower Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2007; 29: 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200710000-00007
Koch J, Riemann L, Davies G. Ground Reaction Force Patterns in Plyometric Push-Ups. J Strength Cond Res, 2012; 26: 2220-2227. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e318239f867
Maeda K, Ohyama B. K, Hirose, K, Ogata M. Relationships between throwing distance and parameters about morphology and physical strength in male discus throw. Estimating physical strength requirement corresponding to throwing distance. J J Sports Coaching Studies, 2018; 31: 175-184.
Miura K, Zushi K, Suzuki S, Mastuda M, Shimizu S. A Study of plyometrics exercise of upper limb to improve the chest pass ability in basketball Japanese Society of physical education, 2002; 47: 141-154. https://doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.KJ00003390684
Murakami M, Tanabe S, Ishikawa M, Isolehto J, Komi P. V, Ito A. Biomechanical analysis of the javelin at the 2005 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. New Studies in Athletics, 2006; 21: 67-80.
Parry G, Herrington L, Horsley I. The Test-Retest Reliability of Force Plate-Derived Parameters of the Countermovement Push-Up as a Power Assessment Tool. J Sport Rehabil, 2019; Oct 18[Online ahead of print: 1-8.
Sugumar C. A Biomechanical Analysis of The Shot Put Performance. Global Journal for Research Analysis, 2014; 3: 118-119.
Tauchi K, Murakami M, Endo T, Takesako H, Gomi K. Biomechanical analysis of elite javelin throwing technique at the 2007 IAAF World Championships in Athletics. Bulletin of Studies in Athletics of JAAF 2009; 5: 143-149.
Terzis G, Karampatsos G, Georgiadis G. Neuromuscular control and performance in shot-put athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2007; 47: 284-290.
Takanashi Y, Chinen Y, Hatakeyama S. Whole-Body Vibration Training improves the balance ability and leg strength of athletic throwers. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 2019; 59: 1110-1118. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.18.09012-6
Takanashi Y, Aoki K, Komura Y, Yonamoto M, Kaneko K. The effectiveness of the evaluation of athletic capability by a field-test in female college throwers. (In Japanese with English abstract) Japanese Journal of Studies in Athletics, 2009; 79: 30-38.
Takanashi Y, Fujimori N, Koikawa N. An investigation into the relationship between throw performance and maximum weight in weight training of female discus throwers. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, in press, 2020; https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2021.161.20
Tauchi K, Yoon S, Kuriyama Y, Takamatsu K. Characteristics of physical fitness for javelin throwers focusing on the ability to achieve ballistic stretch-shortening cycle movement of the lower limbs. Jpn Society Ph Edu, 2002; 47: 569-577. https://doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.KJ00003390740
Victor M R, Artur J F. The validity of general and specific strength tests to predict the shot put performance - a pilot study. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 2003; 3: 112-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2003.11868282
Waller M, Gersick M, Holman D. Various Jump Training Styles for Improvement of Vertical Jump Performance. Strength and conditioning journal, 2013; 35: 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0b013e318276c36e
Zalleg D, Dhahbi A, Dhahbi W, Sellami M, Padulo J, Souaifi M, Bešlija T, Chamari K. Explosive Push-ups: From Popular Simple Exercises to Valid Tests for Upper-Body Power. J Strength Cond Res, 2018; Volume Publish Ahead of Print - Issue. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002774
Zaras N, Stasinaki A N, Arnaoutis G, Terzis G. Predicting Throwing Performance with Field Tests. New Studies in Athletics, 2016; 31: 9-19.
Zaras, N, Stasinaki, A N, Methenitis S, Krase A, Karampatsos G, Georgiadis G, Spengos K, Terzis G. Rate of Force Development, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Young Competitive Track and Field Throwers. Strength and Conditioning Research, 2016; 30: 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001048
Zatsiorsky V., Lanka G., Shalmanov A. Biomechanical analysis of shot putting technique. Exercise in Sports Science Review, 1981; 9: 353-389. https://doi.org/10.1249/00003677-198101000-00009
Zushi K, Takamatsu K, Kotoh T. The specificity of leg strength and power in several sport athletes. Japan J. Phys. Educ, 1993; 38: 265-278. https://doi.org/10.5432/jjpehss.KJ00003391956
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
