Sleep, physical activity and screens in 0-4 years Spanish children during the COVID-19 pandemic: Were the WHO recommendations met?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2022.173.02Keywords:
WHO, Children, Sleep, Physical activity, ScreensAbstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned in recent years about child physical inactivity. The pandemic caused by COVID-19 meant in many countries the establishment of a period of confinement with the deprivation of movement of children. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether, during the period of confinement, the WHO recommendations regarding sleep, physical activity and the use of technological devices in children under 5 years of age resident in Spain were met. The sample was composed of 280 Spanish children. The results confirm high values in the use of screens, especially television (M = 65.33), followed by tablets (M = 17.10) and mobile phones (M = 8.34). Physical activity levels were detected to be lower than recommended, with an average of 31.81 minutes versus the recommended 180 minutes. As for sleep hours, the recommendations were minimally fulfilled (M = 10.73; SD = 1.72). It is concluded that the period of confinement may have been an obstacle to complying with WHO recommendations regarding the practice of physical activity and screens in children under 5 years of age, which may have further aggravated the health of children in relation to pathologies associated with sedentary life.
Downloads
References
Adelantado-Renau, M., Gordo, M. & Sánchez, M. (2019). Promoción de la salud en educación infantil. Una aplicación práctica para el fomento de la actividad física y la alimentación saludable. Quaderns digitals: Revista de Nuevas Tecnologías y Sociedad, 89.
Ajejas, M. B., Jimenez-Trujillo, M. I., Wärnberg, J., Domínguez, S. F., Lopez-de-Andres, A. & Perez-Farinos, N. (2018). Prevalence of childhood overweight/obesity in Spain 1993-2011 and associated risk factors in 2011 Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad infa. Nutricion hospitalaria, 35(1), 84-89.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the american psychological association (7ª ed.). Estados Unidos: American Psychological Association.
Amigo, I., Busto, R., Herrero, F. J. & Fernández, C. (2008). Actividad física, ocio sedentario, falta de sueño y sobrepeso infantil. Psicothema, 20 (4).
Armstrong, B., Covington, L. B., Hager, E. R. & Black, M. M. (2019). Objective sleep and physical activity using 24-hour ankle-worn accelerometry among toddlers from low-income families. Sleep health, 5(5), 459-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.04.005
Andreu, E. (2009). El juego infantil mediterráneo: Grecia antigua. Aloma: revista de psicologia, ciències de l'educació i de l'esport,25, 39-51.
Aranceta, J. (2013). Salud pública y prevención de la obesidad:¿ éxito o fracaso?. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 28, 128-137.
Arias, E. A. (2014). Niveles de actividad física de niños y adolescentes durante el descanso en la escuela, un estudio observacional con el uso de SOPLAY. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.efyd.v33n1a10
Arráez, J. M., & Quirós, V. (2006). Juego y psicomotricidad: propuesta y análisis de un programa de trabajo. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (9), 23-31.
Arufe, V. (2020). ¿Cómo debe ser el trabajo de Educación Física en Educación Infantil?. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (37), 588-596. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.74177
Ballester, R., Gil, M. D., Ceccato, R., Giménez, C., Ruiz, E. & Gil, B. (2012). ¿Atendemos a la salud integral de los hijos? Análisis de hábitos básicos de salud en menores de 9 años. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology.
Berglind, D., Ljung, R., Tynelius, P. & Brooke, H. L. (2018). Cross‐sectional and prospective associations of meeting 24‐h movement guidelines with overweight and obesity in preschool children. Pediatric obesity, 13(7), 442-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12265
Cantero, P., Mayor, A., Toja, B. & González, M. (2019). Fomento de estilos de vida activos en la escuela: práctica de actividad física, edad y género. Sportis, 5(1), 53-69. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2019.5.1.3680
Carrión, A. L. A. (2020). El juego y su importancia cultural en el aprendizaje de los niños en educación inicial. Journal of Science and Research: Revista Ciencia e Investigación, 5(2), 132-149.
Castillo, N. S., Miranda, E. M. C., Hernández, B. K. C., Oropesa, K. M. R., Argilagos, E. A., Leyva, E. C., ... & Oropesa, I. T. (2012). Factores determinantes de sobrepeso y obesidad en infantes de un círculo infantil. CorSalud, 4(3), 185-190.
Castro, A., Caldeiro-Pedreira, M. C. & Rodríquez-Rosell, M. M. (2018). El uso de smartphones y tablets en Educación Infantil. Una propuesta de investigación que empodera a la infancia.
Chacón Cuberos, R., Espejo Garcés, T., Cabrera Fernández, Á., Castro Sánchez, M., López Fernández, J. F., & Zurita Ortega, F. (2015). «Exergames» para la mejora de la salud en niños y niñas en edad escolar: estudio a partir de hábitos sedentarios e índices de obesidad.
Chaput, J. P., Gray, C. E., Poitras, V. J., Carson, V., Gruber, R., Birken, C. S., ... & Tremblay, M. S. (2017). Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in the early years (0-4 years). BMC Public Health, 17(5), 855. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4850-2
Chen, B., Bernard, J. Y., Padmapriya, N., Ning, Y., Cai, S., Lança, C., ... & Godfrey, K. M. (2020). Associations between early-life screen viewing and 24 hour movement behaviours: findings from a longitudinal birth cohort study. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(3), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30424-9
Cuixart, P. C. (2006). Para algunos niños, las pantallas suponen la vía de emular a Alicia en el País de las Maravillas. Interactiva: Revista de la comunicación y el marketing digital, (70), 50-51.
De Craemer, M., McGregor, D., Androutsos, O., Manios, Y. & Cardon, G. (2018). Compliance with 24-h movement behaviour guidelines among Belgian pre-school children: the ToyBox-study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2171. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102171
de Moya Martínez, M. D. V. & Vivar, D. M. (2015). La Educación Infantil que queremos: investigaciones y experiencias. Ensayos: revista de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete, 30(2), 1-9.
Delgado-Lobete, L. & Montes-Montes, R. (2015). Práctica de actividad física extraescolar y preferencias deportivas en niños preescolares españoles e inmigrantes: Un estudio piloto. Revista electrónica de terapia ocupacional Galicia, TOG, (22), 7.
Díaz Martínez, X., Mena Bastías, C., Celis-Morales, C., Salas, C. & Valdivia Moral, P. (2015). Efecto de un programa de actividad física y alimentación saludable aplicado a hijos y padres para la prevención de la obesidad infantil. Nutrición Hospitalaria, 32(1), 110-117.
Downing, K. L., Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Hnatiuk, J. A. & Hesketh, K. D. (2017). Do the correlates of screen time and sedentary time differ in preschool children?. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4195-x
Duffine Gilman, A. & Volpe, S. L. (2018). The global status of physical activity in the prevention of childhood obesity. Pensar en Movimiento: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 16(2). https://doi.org/10.15517/pensarmov.v16i2.30143
Duque, I. L. & Parra, J. H. (2012). Exposición a pantallas, sobrepeso y desacondicionamiento físico en niños y niñas. Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales, Niñez y Juventud, 10(2), 971-981.
Echenique, M. S. & Pèlach, R. (2002). Promoción de hábitos saludables jugando con el niño en el ámbito familiar: la oca saludable. In Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra (Vol. 25, pp. 85-92).
Edo Martínez, Á., Montaner Gomis, I., Bosch Moraga, A., Casademont Ferrer, M. R., Fábrega Bautista, M. T., Fernández Bueno, Á., ... & Torres, O. (2010). Estilos de vida, hábitos dietéticos y prevalencia del sobrepeso y la obesidad en una población infantil. Pediatría Atención Primaria, 12(45), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322010000100006
Feijoo, B. & García-González, A. (2016). Los videojuegos que entretienen a los niños: análisis de la oferta y demanda de videojuegos entre el público infantil. Anàlisi: quaderns de comunicació i cultura, (55), 0048-67.
Franco, M., Sanz, B., Otero, L., Domínguez-Vila, A. & Caballero, B. (2010). Prevention of childhood obesity in Spain: a focus on policies outside the health sector. SESPAS report 2010. Gaceta Sanitaria, 24, 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2010.09.014
García-Soidán, J. L., Boente Antela, B. & Leirós-Rodríguez, R. (2020). ¿Los menores españoles, en su tiempo libre, prefieren dispositivos electrónicos o actividad física?. Sportis, 6(2), 347-364. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2020.6.2.6160
Garófano, V. V., Caveda, J. L. C. & Caveda, J. C. (2002). El juego como vehículo para la adquisición de los aprendizajes. Tavira: Revista de ciencias de la educación, (18), 91-106.
Giménez, S., Albares, J., Canet, T., Luque, J., José, M., Madrid Pérez, J. A., ... & Sellés Galiana, F. (2016). Trastorno de retraso de la fase del sueño y del despertar. Síndrome de retraso de fase. Pediatría Atención Primaria, 18(71), e129-e139.
Gobierno de España. (2020). Real decreto 463/2020, de 14 de marzo, por el que se declara el estado de alarma para la gestión de la situación de crisis sanitaria ocasionada por el COVID-19. Madrid: Boletín Oficial del Estado. https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2020/03/14/pdfs/BOE-A-2020-3692.pdf
Gordillo, M. D. G., Herrera, S. S. & García, M. L. B. (2019). La obesidad infantil: análisis de los hábitos alimentarios y actividad física. Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology., 2(1), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2019.n1.v2.1460
Guan, H., Okely, A. D., Aguilar-Farias, N., del Pozo Cruz, B., Draper, C. E., El Hamdouchi, A., ... & Löf, M. (2020). Promoting healthy movement behaviours among children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30131-0
Gutierrez-Hervas, A., Cortés-Castell, E., Juste-Ruíz, M. & Rizo-Baeza, M. (2019, September). ¿Qué variables influyen en el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de actividad física en preescolares?. In Anales de Pediatría. Elsevier Doyma. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.05.017
Hinkley, T., Brown, H., Carson, V. & Teychenne, M. (2018). Cross sectional associations of screen time and outdoor play with social skills in preschool children. PloS one, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193700
Hinkley, T., Salmon, J., Okely, A. D., Hesketh, K. & Crawford, D. (2012). Correlates of preschool children's physical activity. American journal of preventive medicine, 43(2), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.020
Hinkley, T., Timperio, A., Watson, A., Duckham, R. L., Okely, A. D., Cliff, D., ...& Hesketh, K. D. (2020). Prospective associations with physiological, psychosocial and educational outcomes of meeting Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for the Early Years. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00935-6
Huang, W. Y., Lai, K. H., Xing, R. & Wong, S. H. (2019). Temporal Associations of Nocturnal Sleep Duration with Physical Activity and Sedentary Time in Preschool Children: 888: Board# 122 May 29 2: 00 PM-3: 30 PM. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(6), 223-224. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000561179.58337.f8
Insuga, V. S., Merino, M., Del Pozo, R. L., de la Mota, C. C., Villena, A. P. & Álvarez, M. P. (2013). Sueño y obesidad en la infancia. Acta Pediátrica Española, 71(9), 191.
Iwata, S., Iwata, O., Iemura, A., Iwasaki, M. & Matsuishi, T. (2011). Determinants of sleep patterns in healthy Japanese 5-year-old children. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 29(1), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.004
Janssen, X., Martin, A., Hughes, A. R., Hill, C. M., Kotronoulas, G. & Hesketh, K. R. (2020). Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep medicine reviews, 49, 101226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101226
Ji, M., Tang, A., Zhang, Y., Zou, J., Zhou, G., Deng, J., ... & Lin, Q. (2018). The relationship between obesity, sleep and physical activity in Chinese preschool children. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(3), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030527
Jurado, J. M., Llorente, F. J. & Gil, M. (2019). Evaluación de la actividad física en niños. Acta pediátrica española,77(5-6), 96-101.
Kaur, N., Gupta, M., Malhi, P. & Grover, S. (2019). Screen Time in Under-five Children. Indian Pediatrics, 56(9), 773-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-019-1638-8
Kondolot, M., Poyrazoğlu, S., Horoz, D., Borlu, A., Altunay, C., Balcı, E., ...& Kurtoğlu, S. (2017). Risk factors for overweight and obesity in children aged 2-6 years. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, 30(5), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2016-0358
Kim, J. H. & Kim, E. K. (2009). Assessment of physical activity, activity coefficient of preschool children and actual condition of daycare center outdoor play. Korean J Community Nutr, 14(6), 777.
Kunzle-Elizeche, H. G., González-Fernández, D. D. P. & Radice-Oviedo, C. A. (2018). Actividad física en niños y adolescentes para prevención de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Pediatría (Asunción), 45(1), 83-84. https://doi.org/10.31698/ped.45012018011
Leppänen, M. H., Ray, C., Wennman, H., Alexandrou, C., Sääksjärvi, K., Koivusilta, L., ... & Roos, E. (2019). Compliance with the 24-h movement guidelines and the relationship with anthropometry in Finnish preschoolers: the DAGIS study. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1618. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7967-7
López, D. M., Pinillos, F. G. & Román, P. Á. L. (2017). Actividad física, condición física y salud en niños preescolares. Estudio de revisión narrativa. EmásF: revista digital de educación física, (45), 105-123.
Li, L., Zhang, S., Huang, Y. & Chen, K. (2017). Sleep duration and obesity in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohort studies. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 53(4), 378-385. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13434
Mallol, V. C. (2019). El derecho al juego.¿Un derecho olvidado o ignorado? El caso de España. Revista sobre la infancia y la adolescencia, (16), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.4995/reinad.2019.11618
Martil, D. M., Calderón, S., Carmona, A. & Brito, P. R. (2019). Efectividad de una intervención enfermera comunitaria en el ámbito escolar para la mejora de hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y de sueño-descanso. Ene, 13(2).
Martín, I. S. L. (2016). Las tablets como herramientas educativas para la infancia. Neox Kidz, un estudio de caso. Revista de Estudios para el Desarrollo Social de la Comunicación, (12), 46.
McNeill, J., Howard, S. J., Vella, S. A. & Cliff, D. P. (2020). Compliance with the 24-Hour movement guidelines for the early years: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with executive function and psychosocial health in preschool children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2020.02.011
Monge, M, Méndez, M. E., Hernández, M. J., Quintana, C. & Presa, E. (2019). La importancia del juego en los niños. Canarias Pediátrica, 43(1), 31-35.
Montserrat, A. M. & Fortes, M. A. (2013). Aprender a dormir. Pediatría Atención Primaria, 15(60), e145-e155. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1139-76322013000500004
Moral, V. & López, M. (2011). Obesidad infantil, relación con la Educación Física y pautas de actividad física. TRANCES. Transmisión del Conocimiento Educativo y de la Salud, (3), 401-414.
Moreno, M. P. T., Albero, J. S., Martínez, A. S. & López, P. J. T. (2020). Influencia de una intervención comunitaria en obesidad y estilos de vida de escolares en el ámbito rural. Journal of Negative and No Positive Results, 5(1), 21-60.
Moreno, I. M & Rosell, M. D. M. R. (2010). Las Nuevas Tecnologías y los menores: análisis de las páginas web de los canales temáticos infantiles de televisión digital. Área abierta, (27).
Muñoz-Galiano, I., Hernández-García, R. & Torres-Luque, G. (2019). Influencia del nivel educativo del progenitor sobre la práctica de actividad física en estudiantes de educación infantil. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 11(2), 161-170.
Okely, A. D., Tremblay, M. S., Reilly, J. J., Draper, C. E. & Bull, F. (2018). Physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep: movement behaviours in early life. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(4), 233-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30070-1
Park, S. H., Park, C. G., Bahorski, J. S. & Cormier, E. (2019). Factors influencing obesity among preschoolers: multilevel approach. International nursing review, 66(3), 346-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12513
Parsons, A. A., Ollberding, N. J., Smith, L. & Copeland, K. A. (2018). Sleep matters: The association of race, bedtime, outdoor time, and physical activity with preschoolers' sleep. Preventive medicine reports, 12, 54-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.08.008
Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., Martínez-Martínez, J., Tévar, Y. J. & Prieto-Ayuso, A. (2019). Los descansos activos y la mejora de los aprendizajes en educación infantil: una propuesta de intervención. SPORT TK-Revista EuroAmericana de Ciencias del Deporte, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.6018/sportk.401131
Pérez Solís, D., Díaz Martín, J. J., Álvarez Caro, F., Suárez Tomás, J. I., Suárez Menéndez, M. E. & Riaño Galán, I. (2015). Efectividad de una intervención escolar contra la obesidad. Anales de Pediatría: Publicación Oficial de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (AEP),83(1), 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.08.010
Pinargote, Á. H., Pinargote, L. P., Alcivar, A. C. & Rojas, J. A. (2019). Los espacios físicos dentro y fuera del aula y su incidencia en el desarrollo de la motricidad de los niños y niñas de educación inicial. Tlatemoani, (abril).
Pons, M., de Anta, M. G. & Ferrer, X. (2005). Aprender a mirar, primeros pasos para garantizar buenos hábitos audiovisuales en los niños. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 13(25). https://doi.org/10.3916/C25-2005-224
Poskitt, E. M. E. (2014). Childhood obesity in low-and middle-income countries. Paediatrics and international child health, 34(4), 239-249. https://doi.org/10.1179/2046905514Y.0000000147
Price, A. M., Brown, J. E., Bittman, M., Wake, M., Quach, J. & Hiscock, H. (2014). Children's sleep patterns from 0 to 9 years: Australian population longitudinal study. Archives of disease in childhood, 99(2), 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304150
Saldanha-Gomes, C., Heude, B., Charles, M. A., de Lauzon-Guillain, B., Botton, J., Carles, S., ...& Lioret, S. (2017). Prospective associations between energy balance-related behaviors at 2 years of age and subsequent adiposity: the EDEN mother-child cohort. International Journal of Obesity, 41(1), 38-45. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2016.138
Saldanha-Gomes, C., Marbac, M., Sedki, M., Cornet, M., Plancoulaine, S., Charles, M. A., ...& Dargent-Molina, P. (2020). Clusters of diet, physical activity, television exposure and sleep habits and their association with adiposity in preschool children: the EDEN mother-child cohort. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00927-6
Sánchez, A. R. (2012). Los niños menores de tres años y la televisión: perspectivas de investigación y debate (1999-2010). Revista Luciérnaga-Comunicación, 4(7), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.33571/revistaluciernaga.v4n7a2
Sánchez-Zafra, M., Ramírez-Granizo, I., Baez-Mirón, F., Moreno-Arrebola, R. & Fernández-Revelles, A. (2019). Análisis de la relación existente entre el uso de videojuegos y la práctica de actividad física. Sportis, 5(1), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.17979/sportis.2019.5.1.3433
Sañudo, L. E. (2006). La ética en la investigación educativa. Hallazgos, 3, 6.
Sasaki, A., Yorifuji, T., Iwase, T., Komatsu, H. & Takao, S. (2010). Is there any association between TV viewing and obesity in preschool children in Japan?. Acta Medica Okayama, 64(2), 137-142.
Sedeño, A. (2005). Emoción y hábitos de los niños frente a la televisión. Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación, 13(25). https://doi.org/10.3916/C25-2005-055
Serrano, S. L. (2017). Empleo de la Nintendo Wii para la mejora del rendimiento académico. Revista INFAD de Psicología. International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology., 3(1), 475-480. https://doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2017.n1.v3.1017
Tamana, S. K., Ezeugwu, V., Chikuma, J., Lefebvre, D. L., Azad, M. B., Moraes, T. J., ... & Dick, B. D. (2019). Screen-time is associated with inattention problems in preschoolers: Results from the CHILD birth cohort study. PloS one, 14(4), e0213995. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213995
Teixeira, H. J., Abelairas, C., Arufe, V., Pazos, J. M. & Barcala, R. (2015). Influence of a physical education plan on psychomotor development profiles of preschool children. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 10(1), 126-14. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2015.101.11
Teixeira, H. J., Barcala, R., Abelairas, C. & Arufe, V. (2015). The influence of a structured physical education plan on preschool children's psychomotor development profiles. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 40(2), 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911504000209
Tey, C., Wake, M., Campbell, M., Hampton, A. & Williams, J. (2007). The Light Time-Use Diary and preschool activity patterns: exploratory study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 2(3), 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477160701369274
Tremblay, M. S., Chaput, J. P., Adamo, K. B., Aubert, S., Barnes, J. D., Choquette, L., ... & Gruber, R. (2017). Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for the early years (0-4 years): an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. BMC Public Health, 17(5), 874. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4859-6
Torres-Luque, G., Beltrán, J., Calahorro, F., López-Fernández, I. & Nikolaidis, P. T. (2016). Análisis de la distribución de la práctica de actividad física en alumnos de educación infantil. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 16(1), 261-268.
Ullmann, G., Kedia, S. K., Homayouni, R., Akkus, C., Schmidt, M., Klesges, L. M. & Ward, K. D. (2018). Memphis FitKids: implementing a mobile-friendly web-based application to enhance parents' participation in improving child health. BMC public health, 18(1), 1068. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5968-6
Watanabe, E., Lee, J. S., Mori, K. & Kawakubo, K. (2016). Clustering patterns of obesity-related multiple lifestyle behaviours and their associations with overweight and family environments: a cross-sectional study in Japanese preschool children. BMJ open, 6(11), e012773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012773
World Health Organization. (2019). Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization.
Yoong, S. L., Grady, A., Stacey, F., Polimeni, M., Clayton, O., Jones, J.,& Wolfenden, L. (2019). A pilot randomized controlled trial examining the impact of a sleep intervention targeting home routines on young children's (3-6 years) physical activity. Pediatric obesity, 14(4), e12481. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.12481
Zamora, T., Pin, G. & Dueñas, L. (2014). El Papel de la matrona en la higiene del sueño del futuro bebé. Introducción al sueño y claves principales en la prevención de riesgos durante el sueño del bebé. Matronas Profesion, 2014, vol. 15, num. 1, p. 28-31.
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
