Does jumping to the beat result in better ratings from gymnastics experts?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2022.174.17Keywords:
Action perception, Auditory information, Floor routine, Evaluation, Acrobatic seriesAbstract
How does auditory information influence the perception and evaluation of complex skills? Especially in technical compositional sports, such as gymnastics, the visual information perceived by the judges (and coaches) is the subject of an immediate evaluation. Various factors influence the judges’ performances. The impact of auditory information on the evaluation of complex skills is predominantly unexplored. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate floor music’s role in female gymnastics routines. Participants with different gymnastics expertise were asked to rate acrobatic series on the floor in three different audio-visual conditions (original, inter-beat, matched-beat). The current study results show that participants (irrespective of the group) rated acrobatic series in the matched-beat higher than in the original condition. In conclusion, it would be interesting to investigate if an effect on the participants’ perception is given for other gymnastics skills (gymnastic jumps and leaps) or the overall (execution) score on the floor.
Downloads
References
Arkaev, L. I., & Suchilin, N. G. (2004). How to create champions. The theory and methodology of training top-class gymnasts. Oxford, UK: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
Bruhn, H. (1998). Psychophysiologie der Wirkung von Musik. in H. Bruhn, H. Rösing (Eds.), Musikwissenschaft. Ein Grundkurs (pp. 168-187). Reinbek: Rowohlt.
Chiat, L. F., Ying, L. F., & Piaw, C.Y. (2013). Perception of Congruence between Music and Movement in a Rhythmic Gymnastics Routine. J Basic Appl Sci Res, 3(11), 259-268.
Cohen, J. (1998). Statistical power analysis for behavioral sciences (2nd edn.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Deutscher Turner-Bund (DTB) (2018). Pflichtübungen - Ausschreibung der Übungen für Trainer(innen), Übungsleiter(innen) und Kampfrichter(innen). Gerätturnen weiblich AK 7 bis 11 leistungsorientiert. https://www.dtb.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dtb.de/Sportarten/Gerätturnen/PDFs/2019/Anlage1_DTB-Pflichtprogramm_AK_7-11_Version_3-3_20180105.pdf accessed 04. August 2020.
Deutscher Turner-Bund (DTB) (2019). Technische Normen - Arbeitshilfen für Trainer(innen), Übungsleiter(innen) und Kampfrichter(innen). Gerätturnen weiblich. AK 6 bis 12 leistungsorientiert. https://www.dtb.de/fileadmin/user_upload/dtb.de/Sportarten/Gerätturnen/PDFs/2019/TN_2019_AK6-12__30052019.pdf accessed 04. August 2020.
Eysenck, M. W., & Keane, M. T. (2015). Cognitive psychology. A student's handbook (7th ed.). Hove, East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315778006
Fraisse, P. (1982). Rhythm and tempo. in D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (pp. 149-180). New York: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-213562-0.50010-3
Greder, F. (1997). Musik und Bewegung. Eine Lehrunterlage für den Umgang mit Musik und Bewegung. (Schriftenreihe der WSSM, 64). Koblenz: Urheber.
Heinen, T., Vinken, P. M., & Velentzas, K. (2012). Judging performance in gymnastics: A matter of motor or visual experience? Sci Gymnast J, 4(1), 63-72.
Heinen, T., Koschnik, J., Schmidt-Maaß, D., & Vinken P. M. (2014). Gymnasts utilize visual and auditory information for behavioural synchronization in trampolining. Biol Sport, 31(3), 223-226. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.1111850
International Gymnastics Federation (FIG). (2009). Code of points - women's artistic gymnastics. Lausanne: FIG.
Joustra, S.J., Koning, R.H., & Krumer, A. (2020). Order Effects in Elite Gymnastics. De Economist, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10645-020-09371-0
Koelsch, S., & Schröger, E. (2008). Neurowissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Musikwahrnehmung. In H. Bruhn, R. Kopiez, & A.C. Lehmann (Eds.), Musikpsychologie. Das neue Handbuch (p. 393-412). Reinbek: Rowohlt.
Kennel, C., Streese, L., Pizzera, A., Justen, C., Hohmann, T., & Raab, M. (2015). Auditory reafferences: the influence of real-time feedback on movement control. Movement Sci Sport Psychol, 6(69), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00069
London, J. (2004). Hearing in time - Psychological aspects of musical meter. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195160819.001.0001
Pizzera, A. (2012). Gymnastic judges benefit from their own motor experience as gymnasts. R Q Exerc Sport, 83(4), 603-607. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2012.10599887
Pizzera, A., Möller, C., & Plessner, H. (2018). Gaze behavior of gymnastic judges: where do experienced judges and gymnasts look while judging? R Q Exerc Sport, 89(1), 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2017.1412392
Plahl, C. (2008). Musiktherapie - Praxisfelder und Vorgehensweisen. In H. Bruhn, R. Kopiez, & A.C. Lehmann (Eds.), Musikpsychologie. Das neue Handbuch (p. 630-652). Reinbek: Rowohlt.
Plessner, H., & Schallies, E. (2005). Judging the Cross on Rings: A Matter of Achieving Shape Constancy. Appl Cogn Psychol, 19, 1145-1156. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1136
Postuwka, G. (2006). Musik und Bewegung. In H. Haag, & B. Strauß (Eds.), Themenfelder der Sportwissenschaft (pp.147-159). Schorndorf: Hofmann.
Prassas, S., Kwon, Y.-H., & Sands, W. A. (2006). Biomechanical research in artistic gymnastics: a review. Sports Biomech, 5(2), 261-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/14763140608522878
Simi Motion ® (Version 9) [Computer software]. Munich, Germany: Simi Reality Motion Systems GmbH.
Sors, F., Lath, F., Bader, A., Santoro, I., Galmonte, A., Agostini. T., & Murgia. M. (2018). Predicting the length of volleyball serves: The role of early auditory and visual information. PLoSOne, 13(12), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208174
Ste-Marie, D. M. (1999). Expert-Novice Differences in Gymnastic Judging: An Information-processing Perspective. Appl Cogn Psychol 13, 269-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0720(199906)13:3<269::AID-ACP567>3.0.CO;2-Y
USA Gymnastics (2018). 2018-2022 USA Gymnastics Junior Olympic Levels 6/7/8. https://usagym.org/PDFs/Women/Rules/J.O.%20Code%20of%20Points/appndx07_L68cheat_0518.pdf accessed 27. November 2020.
Veit, F., & Heinen, T. (2019). The role of visual and auditory information in the observation and evaluation of complex skills in gymnastics. J Phys Fitness Med Treat Sports, 6(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.19080/JPFMTS.2018.05.555683
Veit, F. (2020). How does auditory information influence observers' perception during the evaluation of complex skills? Sci Gymnast J, 12(2), 135-145.
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.
