Predictor variables of motivation on Spanish master athletes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2012.73.02Keywords:
Adults, Training, Performance, MotivationAbstract
It is known in the last fifteen years that there is an increase of people in Spain over 35 years old significantly who are often training and competing at several levels in athletics. They are master athletes. There are not National studies about master athletes from Spain and not many are worldwide. Therefore, the objectives of the present research are, firstly, to know their training habits, athletic history and motivations analyzing gender differences; secondly, to set predictive models of their motivations according to their training habits and athletic history. Once results have been analyzed, it was concluded that for Spanish master athletes, both men and women, both training and competition are an important part in their lives. These results could be due to they are practising during a large number of years their specialty on athletics, two hours each session during approximately five days per week, also they are often competing at several levels. Because of the fact that they have a high intrinsic motivation and moderate extrinsic motivation, the most important for them related to their sport was the satisfaction they find improving themselves on training, secondarily, beating rivals at competitions, looking for a medal and, even better, timing a record. These situations fill them with competence feeling and success expectancy.Downloads
References
AMERICAN COLLEGE OF SPORTS MEDICINE. Selected Issues for the Master Athlete and the Team Physician: A Consensus Statement. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2010; 42(4):820-833. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181d19a0b
Baker J, Horton S, Weir P. The masters athlete: understanding the role of sport and exercise in optimizing aging. New York: Routledge; 2010.
BIDDLE SJH, FOX KR, BOUTCHER SH. Physical activity and psychological well-being. London: Routledge; 2000.
BOLLEN KA, LONG J. Testing structural equation models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1994.
Browne M, Cudeck R. Alternative ways of assessing model fit. En K. Bollen & J. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1993; 136-162.
CAPRANICA L, TESSITORE A, CORTIS C, PIACENTINI MF, DE PERO R, PESCE C. Physical activity in older individuals: scientific evidence. BCM Geriatrics. 2010; 10(Suppl):L33. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-10-S1-L33
Carratalá E. Análisis de la teoría de las Metas de Logro y de la Autodeterminación en los planes de especialización deportiva de la Generalitat Valenciana. Tesis Doctoral sin publicar, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, España; 2003.
Carretero-Dios H. PÉREZ C. Normas para el desarrollo y revisión de estudios instrumentales. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 2005; 5:521-551.
CIS (2005). Los hábitos deportivos de los espa-oles (III). Recuperado de http://www.cis.es/cis/opencms/-Archivos/Marginales/2580_2599/2599/e259900.html
CORTIS C, TESSITORE A, LUPO C, PESCE C, FOSSILE E, FIGURA F. et al. Inter-Limb Coordination, Strength, Jump, and Sprint Performances Following a Youth Men's Basketball Game. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research. 2011; 25(1):135-142. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bde2ec
CRANDALL RJ. Motivations for leisure. Journal of Leisure Research. 1980; 12:45-54.
DA SILVA, ELZA ROSA. Motivaçâo de atletas idosos na associaçâo de veteranos de atletismo do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil; 2009.
DECI EL, RYAN RM. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press; 1985.
DE PERO R, AMICI S, BENVENUTI C, MINGANTI C, CAPRANICA L, PESCE C. Motivation for sport participation in older Italian athletes: the role of age, gender and competition level. Sport Sciences for Health. 2009; 5(2):61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-009-0078-6
DODD JR, SPINKS WL. Motivations to engage in masters sport. ANZALS Leisure Research Series. 1995; 2:61-75.
GILL DL, WILLIAMS L, DOWD DA, BEAUDOIN CM, MARTIN JJ. Competitive orientations and motives of adult sport and exercise participants. Journal of Sport Behavior. 1996; 19:307-318.
HODGE K, ALLEN JB, SMELLIE L. Motivation in Master Sport: Achievement and social goals. Psychology of sport and Exercise. 2008; 9(2):157-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.03.002
HOYLE RH. Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1995.
HU L, BENTLER PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999; 6:1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Isorna-Folgar M., Rial-Boubeta A, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, Zamácola F. Motivaciones para la práctica de deporte federado y del piragüismo en alumnos de primaria y secundaria. Retos. 2012; 21:19-24.
JÖRESKOG KG, SÖRBOM D. Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Chicago: Scientific Software International; 1993.
KAMAL AF, ALHAROUN M, METUZALS P, PARSONS C. Intrinsic versus extrinsic motivation in team sport athletes and individual sport athletes. FIEP Bulletin. 1985; 55(3):17-23.
KETTUNEN JA, KUJALA UM, KAPRIO J, SARNA S. Health of Master Track and Field Athletes: A 16-year Follow-up Study. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 2006; 16(2):142-148. https://doi.org/10.1097/00042752-200603000-00010
KLINE RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford; 1998.
MARTENS MP, WEBBER SN. Psychometric properties of the Sport Motivation Scale: an evaluation with College Varsity Athletes from the U.S. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2002; 24:254-270. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.24.3.254
Medic N, STARKES JL, YOUNG BW, WEIR PL. Motivation for sport and goal orientations in Masters athletes: Do masters swimmers differ from masters runners? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2006; 28:s132.
MEDIC N, STARKES JL, YOUNG BW, WEIR PL, GIAJNORIO A. Masters athlete's motivation: Evidence of age and gender differences. Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and sport Psychology Abstracts, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; 2004.
MEDIC N, YOUNG BW, STARKES JL, WEIR PL, GROVE JR. Gender, age, and sport differences in relative age effects among US Masters swimming and track and field athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2009; 27(14):1535-1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903127630
MORENO-MURCIA JA, CERVELLÓ-GIMENO E, GONZÁLEZ-CUTRE CD. Analizando la motivación en el deporte: un estudio a través de la teoría de la autodeterminación. Apuntes de Psicología. 2007; 25(1):35-51.
NÚÑEZ-ALONSO JL, MARTÍN-ALBO LUCAS J, NAVARRO-IZQUIERDO JG. Propiedades psicométricas de la versión espa-ola de la Escala de Motivación Deportiva. Revista de Psicología del Deporte. 2007; 16(2):211-223.
OGLES BM, MASTERS KS. Older vs. younger adult male marathon runners: participative motives and training habits. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2000; 23(2):130-143.
PELLETIER LG, FORTIER MS, VALLERAND RJ, TUSON KM, BRIÈRE NM, BLAIS MR. Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1995; 17:35-53. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.35
PESCE C, CEREATTI L, CASELLA R, BALDARI C, CAPRANICA L. Preservation of visual attention in older expert orienteer at rest and under physical effort. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology. 2007; 29(1):78-99. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.1.78
REAL FEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE ATLETISMO. Comparativa histórica de Licencias de Veteranos; 2011. Recuperado de http://www.rfea.es/veteranos/licencias.asp
Ruiz G. El triatlón como modelo de sistema deportivo en el contexto nacional espa-ol e internacional: determinantes para su desarrollo y la consecución del éxito. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Espa-a; 2006.
Ruiz-Juan F, Zarauz A. Validación de la versión espa-ola de las Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS). Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología. 2011; 43(1):139-156.
Ruiz-Juan F, Zarauz A. Variables que hacen adicto negativamente a correr al maratoniano espa-ol. Retos. 2012; 21:38-42.
SHUMACKER RE, LOMAX RG. A beginner's guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 1996.
TANAKA H, SEALS DR. Endurance exercise performance in Masters athletes: age-associated changes and underlying physiological mechanisms. The Journal of Physiology. 2008; 586(1):55-63. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.141879
TESSITORE A, MEEUSEN R, TIBERI M, CORTIS C, PAGANO R, CAPRANICA L. Aerobic and anaerobic profiles, heart rate and match analysis in older soccer players. Ergonomics. 2005; 48(11-14):1365-1377. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101569
Villamarín F, Mauri C, Sanz A. Competencia percibida y motivación durante la iniciación en la práctica del tenis. Revista de psicología del deporte. 1998; 13:41-56.
ZAHARIADIS PN, TSORBATZOUDIS H, GROUIOS G. The Sport Motivation Scale for Children: preliminary analysis in physical education classes. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2005; 101(1):43-54. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.1.43-54
Zarauz A, Ruiz-Juan F. Compromiso y Adicción Negativa al entrenamiento y competición de los maratonianos. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte. 2011; 11(44):803-820.
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2012 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.