Effects of Cornus mas extract combined with aerobic and resistance exercise on blood metabolic parameters and liver enzymes of obese rats
Keywords:
Aerobic, Resistance training, Physical activity, Fatty liver, Cardiovascular disease, Wistar ratsAbstract
Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the effects of six weeks of resistance or aerobic exercise combined with the intake of Cornus mas extract on the lipid profile, metabolic parameters, and liver enzymes of obese rats. Methods: 49 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: 1) healthy control (n = 7); 2) hypercaloric fatty-food-based diet (n = 7); 3) aerobic exercise (AE, n = 7); 4) resistance exercise (RE, n = 7); 5) Cornus mas extract intake (C, n = 7); 6) Cornus mas combined with aerobic exercise (CAE, n = 7); and 7) Cornus mas combined with resistance exercise (CRE, n = 7). All the rats (except the controls) were induced fatty liver by six weeks of a hypercaloric diet before the intervention. After the six-week intervention, blood samples were taken to obtain levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), cholesterol, glucose, c-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, and urea. A one-way ANOVA or the Kruskal Wallis tests for the non-normally distributed variables, with post-hoc pairwise comparisons, assessed differences between groups. Results: All the intervention groups significantly (p < .05) improved the parameters compared to the hypercaloric group in almost all the assessed parameters, reaching in many cases significantly better values than the healthy group (control). Adding the Cornus supplementation to the exercise resulted in slightly non-significant better values. Conclusion: Cornus mas extract and aerobic or resistance training may be helpful to treat fatty liver and also reduce the lipid profile levels.
Funding
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Shahrekord Medicinal Plants Research Center, which supported and funded this project.Downloads
References
Abdollahi, B., Mesgari Abbasi, M., Zakeri Milani, P., Nourdadgar, A. S., Banan Khojasteh, S. M., & Nejati, V. (2014). Hydro-methanolic extract of Cornus mas L. and blood glucose, lipid profile, and hematological parameters of male rats. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(5), e17784. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.17784
Akyüz, F., Demir, K., Özdil, S., et al. (2007). The effects of rosiglitazone, metformin, and diet with exercise in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 52, 2359-2367 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-006-9145-x
Alavian, S., Banihabib, N., Es Haghi, M., & Panahi, F. (2014). Protective effect of Cornus mas fruit extract on serum biomarkers in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male rats. Hepatitis Monthly, 14(4), e10330. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.10330
Albright, A., Franz, M., Hornsby, G., Kiriska, A., Marrero, D., Urlich, I., & Verity, L. S. (2000). Exercise and type diabetes. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 32, 1345-1360. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200007000-00024
Asgary, S., Kelishadi, R., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Najafi, S., Najafi, M., & Sahebkar, A. (2013). Investigation of the lipid-modifying and antiinflammatory effects of Cornus mas L. supplementation on dyslipidemic children and adolescents. Pediatric Cardiology, 34(7), 1729-1735. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-013-0693-5
Asgary, S., Rafieian-Kopaei, M., Shamsi, F., Najafi, S., & Sahebkar, A. (2014). Biochemical and histopathological study of the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, 11(2), 63-69. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2013-0022
Barani F., Afzalpour M. E., Ilbiegi S., Kazemi T., & Mohammadi Fard M. (2014). The effect of resistance and combined exercise on serum levels of liver enzymes and fitness indicators in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Science, 21(2),188-202. http://journal.bums.ac.ir/article-1-1588-en.html
Carbajo-Pescador, S., Porras, D., García-Mediavilla, M. V., et al. (2019). Beneficial effects of exercise on gut microbiota functionality and barrier integrity, and gut-liver crosstalk in an in vivo model of early obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Disease Models & Mechanisms, 12, dmm039206. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.039206
Chibalin, A. V., Yu, M., Ryder, J. W., Song, X. M., Galuska, D., Krook, A., Wallberg-Henriksson, H., & Zierath, J. R. (2000). Exercise-induced changes in expression and activity of proteins involved in insulin signal transduction in skeletal muscle: differential effects on insulin-receptor substrates 1 and 2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97(1), 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.1.38
Dayar, E., Cebova, M., Lietava, J., Panghyova, E., & Pechanova, O. (2020). Beneficial effects of cornelian cherries on lipid profile and no/ros balance in obese zucker rats: Comparison with CoQ10. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 25(8), 1922. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25081922
de Piano, A., de Mello, M. T., Sanches, P., et al. (2012). Long-term effects of aerobic plus resistance training on the adipokines and neuropeptides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease obese adolescents. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 24(11), 1313-1324. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835793ac
Della Pepa, G., Vetrani, C., Lombardi, G., Bozzetto, L., Annuzzi, G., & Rivellese, A. (2017). Isocaloric dietary changes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in high cardiometabolic risk individuals. Nutrients, 9(10), 1065. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101065
Dunstan, D. W., Daly, R. M., Owen, N., Jolley, D., de Courten, M., Shaw, J., & Zimmet, P. (2001). High intensity resistance training improves glycemic control in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 25, 1729-1736. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.25.10.1729
El Hadi, H., Di Vincenzo, A., Vettor, R., & Rossato, M. (2019). Cardio-metabolic disorders in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(9), 2215. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092215
Hallsworth K., Fattakhova G., Hollingsworth K. G., et al. (2011). Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut, 60, 1278-1283. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2011.242073
Houttu, V., Boulund, U., Grefhorst, A., Soeters, M. R., Pinto-Sietsma, S. J., Nieuwdorp, M., & Holleboom, A. G. (2020). The role of the gut microbiome and exercise in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology, 13, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284820941745
Huang, P.L. (2009). eNOS, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 20, 295-302 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2009.03.005
Huang, X. J., Choi, Y. K., Im, H. S., Yarimaga, O., Yoon, E., & Kim, H. S. (2006). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT/GPT) detection techniques. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 6(7), 756-782. https://doi.org/10.3390/s6070756
Iloon Kashkooli, R., Najafi, S. S., Sharif, F., Hamedi, A., Hoseini Asl, M. K., Najafi Kalyani, M., & Birjandi, M. (2015) The effect of berberis vulgaris extract on transaminase activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatitis Monthly, 15(2):e25067. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.25067
Ismaiel, A., & Dumitraşcu, D. L. (2019). Cardiovascular risk in fatty liver disease: the liver-heart axis-literature review. Frontiers in Medicine, 6, 202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2019.00202
Lehto, S., Rönnemaa, T., Haffher, S. M., Pyörälä, K., Kallio, V., & Laakso, M. (1997). Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia predict coronary heart disease events in middle-aged patients with NIDDM. Diabetes, 46(8), 1354-1359. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.46.8.1354
Lietava, J., Beerova, N., Klymenko, S. V., Panghyova, E., Varga, I., & Pechanova, O. (2019). Effects of cornelian cherry on atherosclerosis and its risk factors. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2019, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2515270
Nikroo, H., Attarzade Hosseini, S., Sima H., & Nematy, M. (2011). The effect of diet and aerobic training on serum aminotransferases levels in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Daneshvar Medicine, 93, 51-60.
Reid, A. (2006). Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology, 121(3), 710-723. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2001.27126
Richter, E. A., & Hargreaves M. (2013). Exercise, GLUT4, and skeletal muscle glucose uptake. Physiological Reviews, 93, 993-1017. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00038.2012
Shamsoddini, A., Sobhani, V., Ghamar Chehreh, M. E., Alavian, S. M., & Zaree, A. (2015). Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on liver enzymes and hepatic fat in Iranian men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatitis Monthly, 15(10), e31434. https://doi.org/10.5812/hepatmon.31434
Slentz, C. A., Bateman, L. A., Willis, L. H., et al. (2011). Effects of aerobic vs. resistance training on visceral and liver fat stores, liver enzymes, and insulin resistance by HOMA in overweight adults from STRRIDE AT/RT. American Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, 301(5), e1033-e1039. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00291.2011
Soltani, R., Gorji, A., Asgary, S., Sarrafzadegan, N., & Siavash, M. (2015). Evaluation of the effects of Cornus mas L fruit extract on glycemic control and insulin level in type 2 diabetic adult patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 740954. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/740954
Stevanović, J., Beleza, J., Coxito, P., Ascensão, A., & Magalhães, J. (2020). Physical exercise and liver "fitness": Role of mitochondrial function and epigenetics-related mechanisms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Molecular Metabolism, 32, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.015
Thompson, D. P. & Rader, J. D. (2001). Does exercise increase HDL cholesterol in those who need it the most? Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 21(7), 1097-1098. https://doi.org/10.1161/hq0701.092147
Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A., Fitsiou, E., Spyridopoulou, K., Vasileiadis, S., Iliopoulos, C., Galanis, A., Vekiari, S., Pappa, A., & Chlichlia, K. (2019). Evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of Cornus mas L. fruit juice. Antioxidants, 8(9), 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090377
Tomeno, W., Imajo, K., Takayanagi, T., et al. (2020). Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in extrahepatic organs. Diagnostics (Basel), 10(11), 912. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10110912
Wong, S. K., Chin, K. Y., Suh, F. H. Fairus, A., & Ima-Nirwana, S. (2016). Animal models of metabolic syndrome: a review. Nutrition and Metabolism (London), 13, 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12986-016-0123-9
Yavari, A., Najafipoor, F., Aliasgharzadeh, A., Niafar, M., & Mobasseri, M. (2012). Effect of aerobic exercise, resistance training, or combined training on glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. Biology of Sport, 29(2), 135-143. https://doi.org/10.5604/20831862.990466
Yıldırım, N. C., Yürekli, M., & Yıldırım, N. (2010). Soğuk Stresi ve Adrenomedullin Uygulamasına Bağlı Olarak Sıçan Karaciğer Dokusunda Bazı Antioksidan Enzim Aktivitelerinin Araştırılması [Investigation of some antioxidant enzymes activities depending on adrenomedullin treatment and cold stress in rat liver tissue]. Türk Biyokimya Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Biochemistry], 35(2),140-4. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.631.7467&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Zelber-Sagi, S., Ratziu, V., & Oren, R. (2011). Nutrition and physical activity in NAFLD. An overview of the epidemiological evidence. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 17(29), 3377-3389. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3377
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.