Multilateral methodology in physical education improves coping skills, resilience and physical fitness in drug addicts
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.152.11Keywords:
Social inclusion, Physical activity, Self-efficacy, Life quality, WellbeingAbstract
Drug addiction may cause health problems and social exclusion. Therefore, we investigated the effects of 8-week multilateral physical education intervention (i.e., aerobic-anaerobic exercise at moderate-intensity plus behavioural training), as an adjunct to treatment for drug dependent patients, on psychological and physical fitness variables. 34 male participants (19-71 years) were assigned to an experimental group (n = 17) that performed multilateral intervention, or a control group (n = 17) that did not. At baseline and after 8-week, COPE-NVI, CD-RISC and physical fitness tests assessed coping skills, resilience and fitness levels. Adherence to exercise was 100% and, after intervention, significant improvements (p < .05) in the skills and strategies adopted to cope with stressful events and ability to deal with negative experiences were found. In addition, the physical fitness components as static and dynamic balance, anaerobic power and coordination, and endurance of the upper body musculature significantly improved (p < .05) in experimental group. Findings highlighted the positive relationship between increased physical fitness and improved functional and adaptive modalities used to cope with stressful events and negative experiences. Therefore, multilateral intervention could improve mental and physical wellbeing in drug addicts by proving to be a key tool in promoting social inclusion.
Downloads
References
Abrantes, A. M., Battle, C. L., Strong, D. R., Ing, E., Dubreuil, M. E., Gordon, A., & Brown, R. A. (2011). Exercise preferences of patients in substance abuse treatment. Mental health and physical activity, 4(2), 79-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2011.08.002
Adrian, M., & Barry, S. J. (2003). Physical and mental health problems associated with the use of alcohol and drugs. Substance use & misuse, 38(11-13), 1575-1614. https://doi.org/10.1081/ja-120024230
American College of Sports Medicine (2018). ACSM's guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (10th ed). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.
Beasley, M., Thompson, & Davidson, J. (2003). Resilience in response to life stress: The effects of coping style and cognitive hardiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00027-2
Campbell‐Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the connor–davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC): Validation of a 10‐item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
Carek, P. J., Laibstain, S. E., & Carek, S. M. (2011). Exercise for the treatment of depression and anxiety. The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 41(1), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.2190/pm.41.1.c
Cheetham, A., Allen, N. B., Yücel, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2010). The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction. Clinical psychology review, 30(6), 621-634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.04.005
Coalter, F. (2005). Sport, social inclusion and crime reduction. In G. Faulkner, & A. H. Taylor (Eds.), Exercise health and mental health (pp. 190–209). London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203415016_chapter_10
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2011). Research Methods in Education (7th edition). Oxford, UK: Routledge.
Daley, A. (2008). Exercise and depression: a review of reviews. Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings, 15(2), 140.
Di Fabio, A., & Palazzeschi, L. (2012). Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Proprietà psicometriche della versione italiana [Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale: Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version]. Counsel. Giornale Italiano Ricerca Applicazioni, 5, 101-110. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/628717
Donaghy M. E., & Ussher, M. H. (2005). Exercise interventions in drug and alcohol rehabilitation. In Exercise, health and mental health (pp. 66-87). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203415016_chapter_4
Dua, J., & Hargreaves, L. (1992). Effect of aerobic exercise on negative affect, positive affect, stress, and depression. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 75(2), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.2.355
Duncan, P. W., Weiner, D. K., Chandler, J., & Studenski, S. (1990). Functional reach: a new clinical measure of balance. Journal of gerontology, 45(6), M192-M197. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronj/45.6.m192
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). (2018). Statistical Bulletin 2018 — prevalence of drug use. Retrieved from http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/data/stats2018/gps
Faulkner, G. E., Adlaf, E. M., Irving, H. M., Allison, K. R., Dwyer, J. J., & Goodman, J. (2007). The relationship between vigorous physical activity and juvenile delinquency: A mediating role for self-esteem? Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-006-9091-2
Fischetti, F., & Greco, G. (2017). Multilateral methods in Physical Education improve physical capacity and motor skills performance of the youth. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(3), 2160-2168.
Gibson, A. L., Wagner, D., & Heyward, V. (2018). Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, 8th Ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Greenwood, B. N., & Fleshner, M. (2011). Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems. Exercise and sport sciences reviews, 39(3), 140. https://doi.org/10.1097/jes.0b013e31821f7e45
Greenwood, B. N., Foley, T. E., Le, T. V., Strong, P. V., Loughridge, A. B., Day, H. E., & Fleshner, M. (2011). Long-term voluntary wheel running is rewarding and produces plasticity in the mesolimbic reward pathway. Behavioural brain research, 217(2), 354-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.005
Grotberg, E. H. (1995). A guide to promoting resilience in children: Strengthening the human spirit. Early Childhood Development: Practice and Reflections, 8. Netherlands: Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Hobson, M. L., & Rejeski, W. J. (1993). Does the dose of acute exercise mediate psychophysiological responses to mental stress? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.1.77
Hoffman, M. D., & Hoffman, D. R. (2008). Exercisers achieve greater acute exercise-induced mood enhancement than nonexercisers. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 89(2), 358-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2007.09.026
Korhonen, T., Kujala, U. M., Rose, R. J., & Kaprio, J. (2009). Physical activity in adolescence as a predictor of alcohol and illicit drug use in early adulthood: a longitudinal population-based twin study. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12(3), 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.3.261
Lavie, C. J., Milani, R. V., O'Keefe, J. H., & Lavie, T. J. (2011). Impact of exercise training on psychological risk factors. Progress in cardiovascular diseases, 53(6), 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2011.03.007
MacRae, P. G., Spirduso, W. W., Cartee, G. D., Farrar, R. P., & Wilcox, R. E. (1987). Endurance training effects on striatal D2 dopamine receptor binding and striatal dopamine metabolite levels. Neuroscience letters, 79(1-2), 138-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(87)90686-0
Marcus, B. H., & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational Readiness, Self‐Efficacy and Decision‐Making for Exercise 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 22(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01518.x
McCormick, B. T. (2014). The reliability and validity of various lateral side-step tests. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 26(2), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2014.26.2.67
McCurdy, K., & Langford, G. (2006). The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of sports science & medicine, 5(2), 282.
McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. Jama, 284(13), 1689-1695. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
Neale, J. (2006). Social exclusion, drugs and policy. In: Hughes R (ed.). Drugs, policy and politics. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.
Puetz, T. W., O'connor, P. J., & Dishman, R. K. (2006). Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis. Psychological bulletin, 132(6), 866. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.866
Ramo, D. E., & Brown, S. A. (2008). Classes of substance abuse relapse situations: a comparison of adolescents and adults. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22(3), 372. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164x.22.3.372
Read, J. P., Brown, R. A., Marcus, B. H., Kahler, C. W., Ramsey, S. E., Dubreuil, M. E., ... & Francione, C. (2001). Exercise attitudes and behaviors among persons in treatment for alcohol use disorders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(4), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00203-3
Rice, V., & Liu, B. (2016). Personal resilience and coping with implications for work. Part I: A review. Work, 54(2), 325-333.
Salmon, P. (2001). Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, depression, and sensitivity to stress: a unifying theory. Clinical psychology review, 21(1), 33-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00032-x
Schuckit, M. A. (2006). Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions. Addiction, 101, 76-88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01592.x
Sica, C., Magni, C., Ghisi, M., Altoè, G., Sighinolfi, C., Chiri, L. R., & Franceschini, S. (2008). Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced-Nuova Versione Italiana (COPE-NVI): uno strumento per la misura degli stili di coping. Psicoterapia cognitiva e comportamentale, 14(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.3280/pds2015-002007
Smith, M. A., & Lynch, W. J. (2012). Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: evidence from preclinical studies. Frontiers in psychiatry, 2, 82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00082
Ströhle, A. (2009). Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of neural transmission, 116(6), 777. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0092-x
Ströhle, A., Hoefler, M., Pfister, H., Mueller, A. G., Hoyer, J., Wittchen, H. U., & Lieb, R. (2007). Physical activity and prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in adolescents and young adults. Psychological medicine, 37(11), 1657-1666. https://doi.org/10.1017/s003329170700089x
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of personality and social psychology, 86(2), 320-333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
Weinstock, J., Barry, D., & Petry, N. M. (2008). Exercise-related activities are associated with positive outcome in contingency management treatment for substance use disorders. Addictive behaviors, 33(8), 1072-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.03.011
Williams, D. J. (2000). Exercise and substance abuse treatment: predicting program completion. Corrections Compendium, 25(25), 4-7.
Williams, D. M. (2008). Exercise, affect, and adherence: an integrated model and a case for self-paced exercise. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(5), 471-496. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.30.5.471
Woodard, C. M., & Berry, M. J. (2001). Enhancing adherence to prescribed exercise: structured behavioral interventions in clinical exercise programs. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, 21(4), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200107000-00002
Downloads
Statistics
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Journal of Human Sport and Exercise

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Each author warrants that his or her submission to the Work is original and that he or she has full power to enter into this agreement. Neither this Work nor a similar work has been published elsewhere in any language nor shall be submitted for publication elsewhere while under consideration by JHSE. Each author also accepts that the JHSE will not be held legally responsible for any claims of compensation.
Authors wishing to include figures or text passages that have already been published elsewhere are required to obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) and to include evidence that such permission has been granted when submitting their papers. Any material received without such evidence will be assumed to originate from the authors.
Please include at the end of the acknowledgements a declaration that the experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed. The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the abovementioned requirements. The author(s) will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
This title is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).
You are free to share, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format. The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
NoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Notices:
You do not have to comply with the license for elements of the material in the public domain or where your use is permitted by an applicable exception or limitation.
No warranties are given. The license may not give you all of the permissions necessary for your intended use. For example, other rights such as publicity, privacy, or moral rights may limit how you use the material.
Transfer of Copyright
In consideration of JHSE’s publication of the Work, the authors hereby transfer, assign, and otherwise convey all copyright ownership worldwide, in all languages, and in all forms of media now or hereafter known, including electronic media such as CD-ROM, Internet, and Intranet, to JHSE. If JHSE should decide for any reason not to publish an author’s submission to the Work, JHSE shall give prompt notice of its decision to the corresponding author, this agreement shall terminate, and neither the author nor JHSE shall be under any further liability or obligation.
Each author certifies that he or she has no commercial associations (e.g., consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article, except as disclosed on a separate attachment. All funding sources supporting the Work and all institutional or corporate affiliations of the authors are acknowledged in a footnote in the Work.
Each author certifies that his or her institution has approved the protocol for any investigation involving humans or animals and that all experimentation was conducted in conformity with ethical and humane principles of research.
Competing Interests
Biomedical journals typically require authors and reviewers to declare if they have any competing interests with regard to their research.
JHSE require authors to agree to Copyright Notice as part of the submission process.